综合教程2答案及翻译：Unit 1

综合教程1答案及翻译：Unit1，答案整理自网络，供大家学习交流使用~

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课文A哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行，阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。

中国式的学习风格

霍华德·加德纳

1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中蓁教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。

我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。

本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。

我和埃伦都满不在乎，任由本杰明拿着钥匙在钥匙的槽口鼓捣。他的探索行为似乎并无任何害处。但我很快就观察到一个有趣的现象。饭店里任何一个中国工作人员若在近旁，都会走过来看着本杰明，见他初试失败，便都会试图帮忙。他们会轻轻握紧本杰明的手，直接将它引向钥匙的槽口，进行必要的重新定位，并帮他把钥匙插入槽口。然后那位“老师”会有所期待地对着我和埃伦微笑，似乎等着我们说声谢谢——偶尔他会微微皱眉，似乎觉得我俩没有尽到当父母的责任。

我很快意识到，这件小事与我们在中国要做的工作直接相关：考察儿童早期教育  (尤其是艺术教育)的方式，揭示中国人对创造性活动的态度。因此，不久我就在与中国教育工作者讨论时谈起了钥匙槽口一事。

两种不同的学习方式

我的中国同行，除了少数几个人外，对此事的态度与金陵饭店工作人员一样。”既然大人知道怎么把钥匙塞进槽口——这是处理槽口一事的最终目的，  既然孩子还很年幼，还没有灵巧到可以独自完成要做的动作，让他自己瞎折腾会有什么好处呢?他很有可能会灰心丧气发脾气——这当然不是所希望的结果。为什么不教他怎么做呢?他会高兴，他还能早些学会做这件事，进而去学做更复杂的事，如开门，或索要钥匙——这两件事到时候同样可以  (也应该)示范给他看。

我俩颇为同情地听着这一番道理，解释道，首先，我们并不在意本杰明能不能把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口。他玩得开心，而且在探索，这两点才是我们真正看重的。但关键在于，在这个过程中，我们试图让本杰明懂得，一个人是能够很好地自行解决问题的。这种自力更生的精神是美国中产阶级最重要的一条育儿观。如果我们向孩子演示该如何做某件事——把钥匙塞进钥匙的槽口也好，画只鸡或是弥补某种错误行为也好——那他就不太可能自行想方设法去完成这件事。从更广泛的意义上说，他就不太可能—共如美国人那样——将人生视为一系列的情境，在这些情境中，一个人必须学会独立思考，学会独立解决问题，进而学会发现需要创造性地加以解决的新问题。

把着手教

回想起来，当时我就清楚地意识到，这件事正是体现了问题的关键之所在——而且不仅仅是一种意义上的关键之所在。这件事表明了我们两国在教育和艺术实践上的重要差异。

那些善意的中国旁观者前来帮助本杰明时，他们不是简单地像我可能会做的那样笨拙地或是犹犹豫豫地把他的手往下推。相反，他们极其熟练地、温和地把他引向所要到达的确切方向。我逐渐认识到，这些中国人不是简单地以一种陈旧的方式塑造、引导本杰明的行为：他们是在恪守中国传统，把着手教，教得本杰明自己会愉快地要求再来斗次。

学习应通过不间断的精心塑造与引导而得以实现，这一观念同样适用于艺术。我们观看了孩子们在教室里学习艺术的情景，他们的娴熟技艺令我们惊讶。年仅5、6岁的孩子就带着成人的那种技巧与自信在画花、画鱼和动物；9岁：10岁的小书法家写出的作品满可以在博物馆展示。有一次去两位小艺术家的家里参观，我们从孩子的父母处得知，他们每天练习数小时以完善他们的技艺。

创造力第一?

从对创造力的态度来说，优先次序似乎是颠倒了：西方的年轻人先是大胆创新，然后逐渐深谙传统；而中国的年轻人则几乎离不开传统，但是，随着时间的推移，他们同样可能发展到具有创新的境界。

美国人的立场可以概括起来这么说，我们比中国人更重视创新和自立。我们两种文化的差异也可以从我们各自所怀的忧虑中显示出来。中国老师担心，如果年轻人不及早掌握技艺，就有可能一辈子掌握不了；另一方面，他们并不同样地急于促进创造力的发展。美国教育工作者则担心，除非从一开始就发展创造力，不然创造力就有可能永不再现；而另一方面，技艺可于日后获得。

但我并不想夸大其辞。无论在过去还是在当今，中国在科学、技术和艺术革新方面都展示了巨大的创造力。而西方的创新突破则有被夸大的危险。如果仔细审视任何一项创新，其对以往成就的依赖则都显而易见(“站在巨人肩膀之上”的现象)。

然而，假定我这里所说的反差是成立的，而培养技艺与创造力两者都是值得追求的目标，那么重要的问题就在于：我们能否从中美两个极端中寻求一种更好的教育方式，它或许能在创造力与基本技能这两极之间获得某种较好的平衡?

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文章B设法教育孩子珍惜钱财会是件难事。然而，大卫·欧文说，方法也很简单——开个银行就行。说来容易做起来难?其实，这事并没听上去那么难，你读一读戴夫第一国家银行的故事就知道了。

孩子与金钱

大卫. 欧文

当家长觉得该教孩子们懂得如何对待金钱的时候，他们通常先为孩子开个储蓄账户。刚开始的时候，孩子们颇感兴趣，因为他们想自己什么也不干银行还会付给他们钱，，可当他们明白利率小得很，而且父母也无意让他们动用本金时，他们的热情一下子就冷却了。对一个孩子来说，一个储蓄账户只不过是一个吞没其生日礼金支票的黑洞。

孩子：“奶奶给了我25美金!”

家长：“太棒了。咱们把支票直接存到你的账户上去。”

孩子：“可这钱她是给我的!我要用!”

家长：“嗳，钱还是你的嘛。你只不过是要把钱放在银行里，好让它增多。”

孩子(狐疑地)：“你说‘增多’是什么意思?”

家长：“哦，要是你把这25美金在银行里放一年，银行就会付给你75美分。要是你连本带息在银行里再放一年，银行会再付给你75美分，另加2．5美分。这叫做复利。这钱能帮你上大学。”    ’

这类储蓄计划的主要缺陷在于，孩子本人一无所获。上大学还不知要过多少年，他们或许会想他们宁愿呆在家里。实际上，这类计划的真正目的通常不是促进储蓄而是限制消费。(1)孩子们在糖果、电子游戏上的花费之大令家长们十分震惊（或者更确切地说，孩子们的超支行为似乎是在竭力仿效父母、这令家长们十分震惊），于是家长便设法把孩子们的钱存起来不让用。毋怪乎孩子们很快就认定，大额钱款不是实实在在的钱，有了现钱要么赶紧花掉，要么藏在抽屉里。

为了避免我的两个孩子产生这——问题，我开设了自己的银行，名叫戴大第一国家银行。我用记录自己支票簿使用情况的同—个电脑程序给每个孩子开了一个账户。因为我希望孩子存款增长的速度足以引起他们的注意，便给他们一个诱人的利率——月息5厘。(2)以复利计算，年息达到70％以上。(不，我不接受外来存款。)零花钱在每月第一天自动存入。孩子们也可以把别的钱存进来，想存就存，想取就取。

戴夫银行经营了4年，一下子就把我的两个孩子变成了热心的储蓄者。至今我儿子在车里找到零钱仍会来找我说，  “今天就把这个上账。”两个孩子的存款增长很快，两年之后，我不得不将月利率降至3厘。我宣布调低利率时两个孩子反对，可当我解释说供求法则同样适用于货币供应后，两人严肃地点头赞同。两个孩子帮我一起·计算他们的利息——这可是学习计算平均值与百分比的颇为有用的一课。(3)他们使用自己的资金我不加任何限制，不作任何询问，我还根据要求随时提供打印的账单。

高利率并非戴大银行惟一诱人之处。在孩子看来同样重要的是，他们的存款属于他们自己。他们存钱便会获利；他们想花钱也用不着获得许可。孩子对自己的钱没有自主权，就没有什么东西激励他们不去伸手要钱，不把到手的钱花个光。    ·

帮助孩子们成为理性消费者的方法是，交给他们更多的，而不是更少的自主权。我们去度假前，我通常额外多给孩子们20块钱左右存在他们账户上。我告诉他们，他们可以在我们出发前用这笔额外的钱买T恤衫、存起来，或者花掉，或随便他们派什么别的用场——但在度假期间，他们就不会从我这儿再拿到任何额外的零用钱了(根据惯例被认为是度假享受的共同消费除外，如糖果、冰淇淋、电影票等)。由于他们花费的任何一笔钱都是他们自己的而不是我的，他们出手时就很谨慎。两年前的一个夏天，在玛莎葡萄园的一家纪念晶商店，我儿子一声不响地仔细察看那些不起眼的商品，他的一个朋友则吵着让父母花5美金买了一把玩具枪，可几乎还没等我们回到车上，枪就坏了。我儿子最后花了33美分买了个未打开的空心晶球，后来他用榔头把它砸了开来——我看这钱花得值得。要是他花的是我的而不是他自己的钱，毫无疑问，他肯定也会要买一把玩具枪的。

儿童是天生的资本家。只要给予足够的自由活动余地，他们很快就会成为精明的理财者。如果家长的理财教育失败，那往往是因为他们出于自身的原因把存钱弄得似乎既痛苦又无聊。金钱是有趣的，而且几乎完全是不讲自明的。(4)教育孩子们看问题要有长远目光的惟一途径，是让孩子们近期内便能尝到某种甜头，从而激励他们去那样做。1

Part I  Pre-reading Task

Script for the recording:

Ways of learning is the topic of this unit. It is also the topic of the song you are about to listen to, called Teach Your Children sung by Crosby, Stills and Nash.

Teach Your Children

Crosby, Stills and Nash

You, who are on the road,

Must nave a code that you can live by.

And so, become yourselr,

Because the past is just a goodbye.

Teach your cbildren well,

Their lather's hell did slowly go by.

And reed them on your dreams,

The one they picks, the one you'll mow by.

Don't you ever ash them why, ir they told you, you will cry, So just look at them and sigh and know they love you.

Appendix   I       - 93 -

And you, oi tender years,

Can't know the rears that your elders grew by.

Ana so please help them with your youtb,

They seek the truth before tbey can die.

Teacb your parents well,

Tbeir children's bell will slowly go by.

And reed them on your dreams,

Tbe one tbey picks, tbe one you'll know by.

Don t you ever ask them why, ir tbey told you, you will cry, So just look at them and sigh and know tbey love you.

The first part of die song is about how parents can inspire their children through sharing with them their dreams, their hopes for a better life. It starts with advice on how you need a set of rules, "a code diat you can live by," to guide you on the road of life. Only then will you be able to fully realise all that is within you and "become yourself." Therefore, parents need to teach their children well.

And children — "you of tender years" — also have something to teach their parents, for learning is not a one-way street. Children should share their own dreams with their parents so that young and old can get to understand each otiier better.

That said, one should not go too far. For some things are perhaps better left unsaid between parents and children. "Don't you ever ask them why, if they told you, you will cry." At such mo­ments all that there is left to do is to look at one another and sigh, happy in each otiier's love.

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Part II Text A

1. 1) The text begins with an anecdote/incident.

2)       His thoughts are mainly about different approaches to learning in China and the West.

3)       The end winds up the text with a suggestion in die form of a question.

Points for Comparison/Contrast

Chinese

Americans

1) ways to learn to accomplish a task

show a child how to do something, or teach by holding his   hand

teach children that they should rely   on themselves for solutions to problems

94 -        Appendix   I

2) attitudes to creativity and skills

give greater priority to de­veloping skills at an early age,   believing creativity can be promoted over time

put more emphasis on fos­tering creativity in young children,   thinking skills can be picked up later

Vocabulary

1) insert

2) on occasion

3) investigate

4) In retrospect

5) initial

6) phenomena

7) attached

8) make up for

9) is awaiting

10) exception

11) not... in the least

12) promote

13) working on

14) in due course

15) emerged

1) There is a striking contrast between the standard of   living in the north of the country and

the south.

2)   Natural fiber is said to be superior to synthetic fiber.

3)   The city's importance as a financial center has evolved slowly.

4)   His nationality is not relevant to whether he is a good lawyer.

5)   The poems by a little-known sixteenth-century Italian poet have found their way into some English magazines.

3. 1) Chinese isn't a subject that can be picked up in a month. You can't accomplish your goal of mastering the language unless you work at it for years. Well, it sounds as if I'm exag­geratingthe difficulties, but the fact is I'm only telling the truth.

2)        The principal is somewhat disappointed with the performance of the children. From what she has gathered, some of the teaching staff have neglected their pupils. She has just announced that strict work regulations have been made and that they apply to both Chinese and overseas teachers.

3)        The teacher-directed and the child-directed approaches to teaching art represent two ex­tremes of opinion. Too many teacher-directed activities cannot be expected to effectively assisLchildren in learning because of the rigid structure. On the other hand, too many child-directed activities may see a curriculum that is totally unstructured and out of con­trol. There are valid reasons to believe a teacher-guided approach would be a superior way

Appendix  I      - 95 -

to guide children's development. This approach combines some form of structure with the child leading the direction.

II. Confusable Words

1.

1) continual 3) continual 2

1) principal 3) principle 5) principal

2) continuous 4) continuous

2) principal

4) principles

III. Usage

1. themselves3. herself/by herself/on her own5. ourselves

2. himself/herself4. itself6. yourself/by yourself/on your own

Structure

1.   1) Simon's ill — so much so that he can't get out of bed.

2)   She herself believed in freedom, so much so that she would rather die than live without it.

3)   Piles of work have kept us busy — so much so that we can't manage to take a holiday this year.

4)   Many contestants later failed drug tests, so much so that the race had to be rerun.

2.   1) Assuming (that) this painting really is a Picasso

2)   Assuming (that) the proposal is accepted

3)        assuming, of course, that she's prepared to listen

4)   Even assuming (that) smokers do see the health warnings

Comprehensive Exercises

I. Cloze

(A)

1. contrast 2. exaggerating3. priority 4. on the other hand 5.promoting  6. pick up 7. assist   8. accomplish 9. on occasion   10. neglecting 11. worthwhile  12. superior

(B)

1. to 2. affect/influence 3. others 4. each/them 5. without  6. controlled7. about  8. value 9. They 10. little 11. right 12. but 13. in 14. what 15. worth  16. and

II. Translation

I consider it worthwhile trying to summarize our experience in learning English. Here I would like to make three relevant points.

First, wide reading should be taken as a priority in the learning process, because it is through reading that we get the most language input. Next, learning by heart as many well-written essays as possible is also very important. On the one hand, rote learning/learning by rote is indeed of little help, but on the other hand, memorization/learning by heart with a good understanding will cer­tainly be of benefit/do good to us. With an enormous store of excellent essays in our heads, we will find it much easier to express ourselves in English. Finally, it is critical that we should put what we have learned into practice. By doing more reading, writing, listening and speaking, we will be able to accomplish the task of perfecting our English.

3

Part III TextB

Comprehension Check

1. c 2. c 3. d  4. a 5. c 6. b

4

Part IV Theme-related Language Learning Tasks

Model paper

How I Learn at College

I went to school in a small town near Chengdu and now I am studying law at Fudan University in Shanghai. Passing from one to the other you have to get used to many new things, not the least being the different way of learning.

At school I found my timetable full throughout the day. One lesson came close on the heels of

another with little time to call one's own. At university, in contrast, only a few hours of each day are

taken up with classes or lectures. In the time made available you are expected to learn on your own.

When and where is up to you. At the same time what you are meant to learn shifts from memorizing

masses of facts to developing an ability to understand theories and present arguments. There are, of

course, still facts to be learned. One should not exaggerate the differences. Nevertheless, learning at

university certainly teaches me greater self-reliance and to think for myself.     (169 words)Doffeland

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