【欧式育儿】—幸福玩耍Part.01

我们只是将原版的纯正欧洲育儿理念与大家做分享，只是做最简单的工作-翻译（资料来源于http://www.ha...





我们只是将原版的纯正欧洲育儿理念与大家做分享，只是做最简单的工作-翻译（资料来源于http://www.happy-global.com/）


宝宝长牙



The first milk-tooth evokes a lot of emotions in both the parents and the baby. The first milk-teeth usually grow in the 6th month, but sometimes they can appear as early as the 3rd or as late as the 8th month. If the parents went through teething at an early age, it is highly probable that the same will happen with the baby. Teething often makes the baby fretful and restless; it has trouble falling asleep and wakes up in the middle of the night.

第一颗乳牙的生长，对于爸爸妈妈和宝宝来说，都是一件十分激动的事情。宝宝一般在六个月大的时候就会长出第一颗乳牙，不过也有宝宝提前到三个月大或者推迟到八个月的时候才长。如果父母小时候提前长乳牙的话，宝宝长牙也很可能会提前。长牙期间，宝宝会焦躁不安，晚上难以入睡，夜间容易醒来。

Teething can be accompanied by higher temperature, and the baby’s gums may be swollen and irritated. You can relieve your baby’s pain with a teething ointment or a chilled teething toy. Sucking on the fist can also help.

长牙一般都伴随着体温上升，宝宝的齿龈会发肿发红。用婴儿牙药膏或者是婴儿磨牙玩具可以起到舒缓作用。吮吸拳头也有同样的效果。

To make it easier for the baby, you can apply some mild painkiller (preferably a paracetamol suppository) that is also antipyretic and antiphlogistic. Giving your breast to the baby can also help. Remember that a teething baby doesn’t know what’s going on, but the warmth of the mother’s body will surely be soothing.

为了不让宝宝感觉难受，  你可以使用一些温和又解热消炎的止痛药（建议醋氨酚栓）。也可以给宝宝喂奶。要知道，正在长牙的宝宝并不知道为什么会疼痛，但是妈妈温暖的身体总是会让它感觉安心舒适。




快速成长期



There are 7 growth spurts in the first 12 months of life. They are moments connected with the development of the nervous system so they involve psychological rather than physical development. The development of the brain and nervous system means that babies are exposed to stronger perceptual stimuli than before, so they may experience stress, sleeping difficulties or lack of appetite.

宝宝一岁之前会经历7次快速生长期。这些生长期都是与神经系统的发展相关，因此，在这一阶段，宝宝以心理发育为主。大脑和神经系统的发育意味着宝宝可以感受到更大的感官刺激，它们能体会到压力、睡眠困难或者缺乏食欲的感觉。

How to recognise a growth spurt?Does your baby suddenly become fretful, wake up in the middle of the night and demand your constant attention? This is probably one of the seven growth spurts! It will last for about a week and then... your baby will seem to have learnt new skills almost overnight. The baby develops very quickly during these periods. The development of the brain and the nervous system results in a different perception of reality. The senses are maximally heightened and the baby is not always able to cope with this. In consequence, its behaviour at that time is difficult, including crying, fear, waking up in the middle of the night, and aversion to eating. It may seem to you that the baby suddenly forgets all its skills and regresses - and then comes an instant surge of new abilities.

[b]如何辨别生长快速期？

宝宝是否越来越焦躁？半夜醒来之后总要缠着你陪它玩？这可能就是7次快速生长期之一啦！快速生长期会持续大概一周，然后，仿佛一夜之间，宝宝就学会了很多新的技能，它们在这一阶段生长非常快速。大脑和神经系统的发育让它们慢慢学会感知。感觉器官会最大程度地增强，但宝宝不一定能够完全适应。因此，宝宝在那一阶段会很难照顾，它会啼哭、恐惧、半夜醒来、厌食。有时候你会突然觉得它似乎一下回到了以前，又变得如同刚刚出生的孩子一样。但不久之后你就会发现，宝宝似乎一夜之间掌握了众多新技能。

Not every growth spurt is preceded by a period of fretting, sleeping troubles and the need for more attention. Sometimes during that period, babies seem to regress. Such a crisis is very stressful both for the parents and the baby. The baby is scared of the changing world all the time. Mothers, frustrated because the baby cries, don’t understand what’s happening. Directly after the growth spurt, however, the baby seems to have learnt a lot of new skills literally overnight.

并不是每个宝宝都会在快速生长期经历烦躁、难以入睡和寻求关注的阶段。有时候，宝宝会感觉害怕，这对父母和宝宝来说都是倍感压力的阶段，它会开始害怕周围不断变化的世界。妈妈们会因为宝宝的啼哭感到心烦，但不懂是什么原因引起。生长期一过，宝宝好像一夜之间成长了很多。

Initially, these periods are short and last for a few days. But the older the baby, the longer these periods last. You should also know that babies born after the due date experience growth spurts earlier, e.g. a baby born 2 weeks after the due date goes through the growth spurt 2 weeks earlier, and babies born prematurely experience these moments later. This is connected with brain development.最开始的时候，快速生长期会比较短，通常只持续几天、但是随着宝宝逐渐长大，快速生长期随之变长。通常，在预产期后出生的宝宝会更早经历快速生长期，例如：预产期后第二周出生的宝宝，会早两周经历快速生长期。早产的宝宝会相应推迟。这跟大脑发育程度有关。

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The periods of growth spurts are as follows.

[b]快速生长期时间：

5 week (impressions): The baby becomes more attentive and awake, the senses are more sensitive than before. From now on, the baby can hear, see, smell and taste completely differently than before. Unfortunately, the only way of expressing this surprise is to cry and scream.

第五周（五官感受）：宝宝变得越来越专注、清醒，感官也比以前敏感。从现在开始，宝宝可以用它从未经历过方式听、看、问、尝。遗憾的是，它对惊喜的表达方式也仅限于哭闹。

The first growth spurt can be noticed about the fifth week. The baby’s senses become more sensitive. The baby can hear, see and feel in a different, more intense way than before. The change makes the baby restless or even scared. New tastes, sounds, and colours can be so frightening that the baby might need its parents more frequently and more intensely. Your baby will smile more or cry with real tears. You will surely notice that it can listen more attentively and watch longer than before.

宝宝第一次的快速增长周期通常出现于第五周。随着感官逐渐敏感，宝宝可以用它从未经历过方式去听去看去感受。周围的变化会让宝宝不安，甚至害怕。新的味道，声音和颜色会使宝宝感觉没有安全感，这时候，它会更加需要爸爸妈妈的怀抱。此时，你的宝宝会微笑，哭的时候会有眼泪。当然，你也会发现它倾听的时候更加专注了，观察世界的时间也更长了。

7-9 week (patterns): The baby starts to distinguish patterns in sounds, smells and tastes, notices that its hands are part of itself and starts to gain some control over its movements, though they are still uncoordinated. About three weeks later, around the eighth week, the baby starts to be more aware of its body. It realises that hands can be used to do many different things and it’s all up to the baby - so it watches its hands, holds them above the body or the head, grabs toys, and touches everything within its reach.

7-9周（区分差别）：宝宝开始区分不同的声音、气味和味道，能够感觉到双手为自己身体的一部分，并且开始控制自己的动作，虽然它们还没有肢体协调能力。三周之后，大概8个月大时，宝宝能够更多地感知自己的身体，它会发现自己可以用双手来做很多事情。它会开始观察双手，然后向远处伸手，抓玩具，并触摸自己所及范围内所有的东西。

In addition, the baby lifts its head, starts to turn and kicks with its legs. In addition to watching people, the baby is interested in their expressions. One of the novelties is making sounds and enjoying its own voice, but the baby is also happy to hear others singing. Generally, the baby starts to feel the ability to control the body.

另外，宝宝还会抬起头，双腿在空中踢来踢去。除了爱观察人的表情之外，它们还对人们的声音充满好奇。宝宝会开始发声，并且享受这一过程。另外，它们还非常喜欢听别人唱歌。从这个时候开始，宝宝就慢慢开始掌控自己的身体了。

11-12 week (nuances): The baby learns to understand small differences in tones of voice and notices changing light in the room or outside. The baby moves more smoothly when reaching out or turns its head to follow movement. Around week 12 the baby starts to realise that the world is varied. Hearing mum’s voice, it knows if mum is angry or calm, notices that the sun is clouded over and that it is getting darker, and starts to move its hands, head and eyes in a more coordinated way. The baby starts to play with its voice - squeaks or changes tone. The baby not only puts everything in its mouth, but also blows spit bubbles. It can be irritated by things that never bothered it before, like a dog barking (which can wake the baby up, even if it didn't previously).

11-12周（体会细微）：宝宝开始体会不同语调的细微差别，并且注意到室内外亮度的变化。宝宝伸手触摸、或是头部跟随物体转动时，变得更加灵活了。大约12周的时候，宝宝会开始意识到世界的多样性。它能够从妈妈声音中感受到愤怒或者平静，能感觉到天正慢慢变黑、或者太阳躲在了云层中。并且开始更协调地活动眼睛、头部和双手。宝宝开始对自己的声音感兴趣，它会尖叫或变换声调。这一阶段，宝宝会把手中所有东西都放入嘴里，而且还会吐泡泡。另外，它还会被一些新的外界因素所激怒，例如狗叫声（可能会突然在半夜吵醒宝宝）。

14-19 week (events): The fretful periods get longer and can last as long as 6 weeks. The baby starts to understand events in the sense of short sequences. It can learn, for example, to reach for a toy, catch it, shake it and put it in its mouth. The baby combines sounds in sequences, like mamama, bababa.

14-19周（理解事物）：躁动期延长了，最长甚至可达6周。宝宝开始按简单的事情发展顺序理解事物了，例如：它会向玩具伸手，抓住，摇晃，最后放入嘴里。而且，宝宝还可以根据顺序来拼一个个的音节，像mamama和bababa.

The next growth spurt can be noticed around weeks 15-19. Your baby starts to understand events in a system of short sequences - for example, it grabs a toy with one hand and puts it in the other hand, supports itself with the arms and lifts itself, puts different things in its mouth and chews on them, turns from the belly onto the back and backwards, starts to throw things on the floor deliberately, combines sounds - mamama, bababa, starts to react to the sound of its name and generally understand words, reacts to its reflection in the mirror (the reactions can vary - the baby can be happy or scared), starts to pronounce consonants (s, z, r and others), reaches out if it wants to be lifted, repeats the same behaviour if it can see a reaction (e.g. coughing again), smacks its lips if hungry or throws away the bottle if full.

接下来的快速生长期出现于第15-19周。宝宝会用发展顺序系统地来理解事物。例如，它会一只手抓住玩具，并传给另一只手；用双手支撑身体，将身体撑起；把各种东西塞进嘴里，并且咀嚼；随意翻转身体；故意朝地面扔东西；发出mamama, bababa之类的声音；别人叫自己的名字时会作出反应，并且逐渐理解单个的词；面对镜子时会作出反应（可能会高兴也可能会害怕）；开始发辅音（s, z, r 等）；想要站起来时会张开双手；如果它发现自己某个动作很有趣，就会重复（例如重复咳嗽）；饿了时会舔嘴唇，饱了时会扔掉奶瓶。

22-26 week (relations - separation anxiety): Typically, in this period the baby starts to be shy towards strangers, has no appetite, doesn’t want to change its diaper or clothes. It starts to see and understand relations/relationships, notices the distance between objects and people, e.g. between itself and its parents. The baby begins to understand how to influence events - what to do to make something happen. A great example is the light switch! In addition, the baby understands when something is wrong, e.g. when people bump into one another it can be funny, but also painful. More tiring but fascinating days in the life of the baby and its relatives come around week 26. This period can last for up to 4 weeks and is difficult because the baby cannot sleep well, starts to distrust others, objects when mum wants to change its clothes or diaper, and has no appetite.

22-26周（开始认生）：一般来说，宝宝在这一阶段会开始认生，没有食欲，换纸尿裤时会哭闹。它开始观察、理解人与人的关系，发现物体和人之间的差距。并且开始明白怎样影响其他事情，让事情发生，爱按开关灯按钮就是最好的例子！另外，宝宝会开始知道辨别一些事情，例如：如果两个人突然撞到对方，虽看似滑稽，但却会很疼。对于宝宝和周围的人来说，第26周是最让人疲惫但也是最有意思的时候。这个难熬的阶段通常持续4周，在这4周里，宝宝经常睡不好，会打扰其他人的睡眠。妈妈试图给它换衣服或者尿布时，他会哭闹、反抗，并且食欲不佳。

Above all, the baby begins to react negatively when the parents go away. It begins to realise the growing distance and it becomes frightened. Your baby can notice that toys can be placed against each other in various ways, that it can influence what will happen - if the light switch is pressed, the light turns on etc. The baby is getting better at moving around - crawling and motor coordination: it is able to sit or stand up, push toys in front of himself or herself, grab small objects, take off its socks, put food in mum’s or grandma’s mouth, take toys out of boxes and put them back again, notice strange behaviour, dance to music, listen to voices on the phone, understand simple commands, wave good-bye or clap hands.

最让人头疼的是，每当爸爸妈妈不在身边的时候，宝宝就会闹情绪。它开始注意到自己与爸爸妈妈的距离，并且会因此感觉害怕。这一阶段，宝宝会发现，可以用不同的方式顺序排列玩具。可以让光线发生变化，例如按开关灯按钮。宝宝活动越来越自如，爬行和运动协调能力提高，例如，它可以坐下，站起；把玩具推到自己面前，拿起小件物品；脱掉袜子；将食物放到妈妈嘴里；将玩具从盒子里拿出、放入；注意到奇怪的动作；跟着音乐舞动身体；聆听电话中的声音；读懂简单的命令；招手再见、鼓掌。

33-37 week (categories): The baby notices that some things can be similar, e.g. they sound or smell similar. Your baby learns about the world with all of its senses, seeing, hearing, tasting and touching things. It experiments with similarities and differences. Some researchers believe that intelligence starts to develop at this age. When the baby categorises the world, its way of thinking starts to resemble the way adults think.

37周（学会分类）：宝宝会发现周围一些事物是有相似点的，可能会听起来或闻起来相似。它会开始动用自己所有感官去感受这个世界，去听、去看、去尝试、去触摸。慢慢地感受不同事物的相似和差异。一些研究者相信，宝宝的智力就是从这时候开始发育的。当宝宝学会通过分类的方式去了解世界，它的思维模式就开始靠近成年人了。

A few weeks later, between weeks 33 and 37, there’s another growth spurt. The baby becomes a little scientist and discovers its surroundings through seeing, hearing and touching them. Some think that intelligence starts to develop here. The baby begins to think similarly to adults, which makes it easier for you to understand it. Thus, the baby categorises the world, and when pointing to a cat, it understands that all cats belong to one category - plush or alive, they are all cats.

几周之后（大约33-37周），宝宝会迎来又一次快速生长期，它慢慢变成一个小小科学家，充分利用自己的视觉、听觉和感觉，努力去发现世界的奥秘。有人认为孩子的智力就是从这时候开始发育的。它们会开始像成年人一样思考，这也让你越来越容易理解它们的想法了。因此，宝宝可以通过分类的方式去发现世界，当它指着一只猫的时候，它明白所有的猫都属于“猫”这个种类，不管是长毛猫还是短毛猫。

Your baby’s world starts to take shape and resemble the adult world. The baby not only understands the names of objects but also can show that something is amusing, call a family member, make faces in the mirror, act very politely if it wants to, but also show anger or jealousy if mum or dad hugs another baby. At this age your baby starts to take the initiative while playing or ask someone to sing a song.

宝宝眼中的世界开始成型，并且越来越像成年人的世界了。它们不仅能够听懂物体的名字，还可以：展示有趣的事物，呼唤某个家庭成员，对着镜子扮鬼脸，甚至会有意识的体现出礼貌，当爸爸妈妈抱其他宝宝的时候，它会不高兴、闹脾气。这一阶段，宝宝在玩耍时、或者要求别人唱歌的时，会表现主动。

41-46 week (sequences): Between weeks 44 and 48 the baby starts to find and create sequences with the use of senses. In the previous growth spurt your baby took objects apart to examine them - now it begins to put them back together - for example builds a brick tower instead of destroying one. Your baby starts to connect events - e.g. collects its things and puts them into a basket or on a shelf. It understands that some events usually come in sequences.

41-46周（发现规律）：在44到48周之间，宝宝会开始用自己的感知来发现事情规律。前几次的快速生长期中，宝宝总是喜欢把玩具拆开，看看里面的构造。现在它们会尝试着重新组装那些零碎的部件，例如用零件盖一座砖塔。你的宝宝会开始发现各个事物间的联系，例如：它会把自己的东西收好，放在篮子里或者架子上。它们慢慢地明白事情是有先后顺序的。随后你会发现，当它想去某个地方的时候，会用手指示那个方向。

The next step is pointing to where it wants to go while you hold it in your arms.The last critical growth spurt takes place around week 46 and it can last for as long as five weeks. In the previous one the baby would rather take toys apart to see what they look like from inside, whereas now it wants to put them back together and is more interested in building rather than destroying brick constructions. Your baby starts to realise that some events follow others, that scattered bricks have to be put back in a box after playing. It can show you the direction in which you should go with it and can name things.

大约46周左右的时候，就是最后一个重要的快速生长期啦。前几次的快速生长期中，宝宝总是喜欢把玩具拆开，看看里面的构造。现在它们会尝试着重新组装那些零碎的部件，而且越来越喜欢堆砌玩具了。宝宝开始意识到，事物发展是有先后顺序的，比如说，玩耍之后要把散落的玩具捡起来放回盒子里。它会指示想去的地方并且可以叫出一些东西的名字。

You will notice that your baby can consciously use the word 'no'.The baby likes to play with toys that have to be matched together, can do a small jigsaw puzzle, draws, and tries to talk over the phone. It is also a dangerous time as your baby starts to climb to reach something, pushes a chair, gets off a couch or crawls down the stairs, looks for an object that has been hidden, fetches objects, mimics what the parents do, tries to get dressed or undressed and can even pretend e.g. not to be able to do something.

你会发现，宝宝现在已经可以下意识地说“不”了。他喜欢玩拼装类的玩具，拼一些简单的拼图，还会开始画画，甚至试着在电话中说话。随后，宝宝会开始试着去拿东西，找到隐藏的“玩具”。但这是很危险的，因为它可能会推倒椅子、掉下沙发、或者是爬下楼梯。它还会模仿大人的动作，将衣服穿上又脱下，或者装作自己不会做某事。

Remember that not all abilities come at once, and each baby develops in a different way. Although it’s very difficult, do not compare your baby to others. You will surely be jealous if your friend’s son starts to sit a month before yours does, but don’t make your baby do things that it isn't ready for. All in due time! Since each baby is an individual and grows at a different pace, the above growth spurts can take place a bit later or earlier and you can’t expect them on schedule. It’s amazing how different babies can be, even babies of the same parents raised in the same environment. One thing is certain: the first 12 months of your baby’s life are the most dynamic period of growth.

要知道，宝宝的能力不是一朝一夕就能习得的，每个宝宝的发育状况各有差别，所以尽量不要和其他宝宝的生长发育进行比较。如果你朋友的孩子比你的宝宝早一个月能够坐起来的话，你肯定会有点嫉妒的，即使这样，也不要让宝宝进行不适合它生长发育状况的练习，因为它或迟或早都是会学会的。每个宝宝都是独立的个体，生长速度各不相同，生长周期可能会相应的提前或推迟，不一定会准时遵守上述时间。而且，宝宝们有着不同的个性，就算是同父母、同环境条件下生长出来的宝宝也是个性各异。但可以肯定的是，宝宝0-1岁之间是生长最快的时候了。

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分散焦虑



In the 7th-8th month the baby’s attachment to mum becomes very obvious and is clearly expressed. At this time the baby can experience separation anxiety - it doesn’t let mum go away even for a little while and is afraid of strangers. If the baby can crawl, it will follow the love object everywhere. The need to be close to mum is natural and makes the baby feel absolutely happy. At this time nights can become more difficult if you go back to work.

7-8个月大的时候，宝宝对妈妈的依赖表现得越来越明显。因为在这一阶段，宝宝会经历“分离焦虑”，它不会让妈妈离开它，哪怕只有一小会儿。并且它还开始认生了。如果宝宝可以爬行了的话，它会一直跟着自己喜欢的玩具爬走。并且想一直粘着妈妈，因为这样它会感觉安心愉快，这是非常正常的现象。这一阶段，如果你晚上想要安安静静地工作的话，估计会比较困难。

Your baby will want to compensate for your absence at night. It will want to hug you and feel your smell and warmth. Consider sleeping in the same bed with your baby, but remember that weaning it from this habit won’t be easy. You can lull your baby to sleep in the crib by singing and stroking it, which will be soothing and the baby will soon understand that you’re supposed to sleep at night. More about separation anxiety in growth spurts.

宝宝在晚上也会需要你的陪伴。它会想抱着你，闻着你的气息，感受着你的温暖。可以考虑从让宝宝睡在你的床上，但是要记得，要给它戒掉这个习惯可没那么容易。可以将宝宝放在婴儿床里，摇一摇婴儿床，唱一唱摇篮曲，它就会明白你需要睡觉了。






宝宝穿衣需知



If you want to make sure your baby isn’t cold, touch its neck. If it’s cool, it’s all right. According to paediatricians, parents overheat their babies much more often than they chill them. So don’t dress your baby too warmly, or it may decrease its immunity.

要知道宝宝穿衣服的件数是否合适，可以用手摸一下它的脖子，如果比较凉快的话就没有问题。儿科医生指出，大多数情况下，爸爸妈妈们都会给宝宝穿得过多，很少有因穿太少而冻着宝宝的情况。但是，这很可能导致孩子免疫力下降，所以尽量避免让宝宝穿得太“温暖”。

In the period of increased activity (rolling, crawling), dress your baby as you dress yourself. However, if you go for a walk and your baby is motionless in the pram, cover it with a blanket. An important part of toughening your baby is also an appropriate room temperature. Overheating your baby affects body thermoregulation and leads to colds. Therefore, the room temperature shouldn’t exceed 22°C.

如果宝宝处于“多动期”（爱打滚、爬行），那可以跟成年人穿同样件数的衣服。但是如果你要带它出去散步，它待在婴儿车里面不太想动的话，最好盖上毯子。另外，保持合适的室温也会有利于宝宝的成长，穿得太多会影响身体温度调节机制，最终导致受凉。所以，室温最好不要超过22摄氏度。




婴儿乘机注意事项



If you’re planning to travel with your baby by plane, prepare well, so that it’s not exhausting for either of you. A baby under 2 years old does not get a separate seat on a plane, so it travels on your lap. You are allowed to take a pram or a child safety seat on board free of charge. Before getting on the plane, change your baby’s diaper.

如果你计划带宝宝坐飞机的话，提前做好飞行准备吧，这样就不会在飞行过程中手忙脚乱啦。由于两周岁以下的婴儿不占座位，宝宝将会坐在妈妈大腿上。但你也可以带上婴儿车，或者免费使用儿童安全座椅。

Your hand luggage should contain your baby’s passport, diapers, dispensable changing mats and wet wipes, your baby’s favourite toys, and, if you don’t breastfeed, milk or another drink and food. Ask the cabin crew to heat up the milk or bring hot water to prepare the formula. Spare clothes and a small blanket should also be taken.

记得在手提行李箱中装上宝宝的护照、纸尿裤，方便的话也可以带上隔尿垫、湿巾和宝宝最爱的玩具。如果不是母乳喂养的话，记得带上牛奶、食物或其他饮料。可以让空姐帮忙热一下牛奶，或者准备热水冲一下奶粉。记得带一条毯子，多带几件衣物。

On a plane, pick a seat near an exit, so that it’s closer to the toilet and you can leave the plane faster after landing. The most difficult moments for the baby are take-off and landing. Babies are very sensitive to pressure changes and feel pain and ear blockage strongly during the flight. You can help your baby by giving it something to drink. If your baby has a runny nose, spray some drops or sea water into its nose. Remember that the trip is stressful for you only. The baby doesn’t care if you hug it at home or on a plane. The only thing that matters is that you’re close.

飞行过程中，选择靠出口的位置，离厕所比较近，着陆后也可以先下飞机。飞机起飞和降落的时候，宝宝哭闹会比较厉害。因为婴儿对气压变化非常敏感，很容易感觉难受，耳朵发堵。你可以让它喝点东西，缓解症状。如果宝宝流鼻涕的话，在它鼻子处涂上几滴盐水。尽量不要让它感觉难受。宝宝不会在乎你是在家里抱它还是在飞机上抱它，只要能够紧紧地粘着你就行了。

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