印度光伏野心勃勃，但又危机四伏

Highoperatingcostsburnupsolarunits’fundsDust,l...






High operating costs burn up solar units’ funds

Dust, lack of skilled workforce, dearth of water and high temperatures – all contribute to extra costs of maintenance.

灰尘、劳动力短缺、水源缺乏、高温——都增大了印度光伏电站的运营成本。





Dust, high temperatures and the dearth of water are contributing to a significant increase in the cost of operating solar power plants in the country, according to industry leaders.

在印度，灰尘、高温与缺水等因素严重地增加了太阳能光伏电站的运营成本。

Some of these factors, such as the level of dust particles and the type of dust, vary from region to region within the country, while other factors such as the hardness of the water and the shortage of a skilled labour force are more general problems faced by plants across the country.

像灰尘颗粒的等级、种类这些因素在各地区之间都各有不同。但水的硬度、劳动力短缺这些问题则是印度的光伏电站所共同面对的。

Too hot

温度过高

“The solar panels that are used are not designed for such high temperatures,” Tata Power Solar Systems CEO and Executive Director Ashish Khanna said. “In remote areas with high temperatures, we find that we are not getting the required units of power. The panels do not yield their optimal usage.”

印度Tata Power Solar Systems公司的CEO康纳表示：“光伏电站的设计就不足以承受如此高的温度。在高温的偏远地区，我们发现我们根本无法获得所需求的电量，光伏电池没有发挥它最佳的效果。”

India ranks among the highest in the world in terms of solar irradiation with an average reading of 5.1 kilowatt hours (KwH) per square metre, according to CARE Credit Research. This is higher than Germany (2.9 KwH), Japan (3.65 KwH), the US (4.7 KwH) and Italy (3.8 KwH), all of which have a larger solar installed capacity than India.

根据CARE Credit Research的研究报告，印度在太阳辐射量上是全世界排名最高的，平均每平米5.1千瓦时。这个数字要远高于德国的2.9，日本的3.65，美国的4.7与意大利的3.8，但这些地区的光伏装机量都高于印度。

Cleaning costs

清洁成本

“Dust is a problem, especially in Rajasthan, where the dust conditions are really bad and require frequent cleaning around two times a month, which then increases our operational costs,” Ketan Mehta, CEO of Rays Power Infra, which has about 1,800 MW of plants across eight states in the country, said.

“灰尘是一个问题，尤其是在拉贾斯坦邦地区，那里灰尘情况非常严重，电站每个月需要清理两次，我们的运营成本因此增加了。” Rays Power Infra公司的CEO梅塔说到，这个公司在印度的8个地区有大约1800兆瓦的光伏电站。

The cleaning cost is about Rs.2 per module, Mr. Mehta added. “In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, for example, we need to clean once a month, but in Rajasthan we need to clean the modules twice a month. So that doubles the cleaning cost.”

清洁成本大概在2卢比（折合人民币约0.2元）每瓦，克坦补充道：“比如在安得拉邦和泰伦加纳地区，我们需要每月清理一次，但是在拉贾斯坦邦我们需要每个月清理两次组件，清洗的成本是就是双倍了。”

“There are different types of dust,” Ivan Saha, President and Chief Technical Officer, Vikram Solar said. “There is alluvial dust (present in plains of north India and delta regions of south India). This type turns into mud when water is poured. Then there is sandy dust (present in Rajasthan and Gujarat), which can be washed away easily with water.”

Vikram Solar公司的总裁兼首席技术官萨哈说到：“灰尘有不同的种类，一类是尘土（主要出现在北印度平原地区与南印度的三角洲地区），雨水一冲积就变成了泥巴。还有一类是沙尘（出现在拉贾斯坦邦和古吉拉特邦），用水可以轻易地冲洗掉。

Frequent cleaning, almost on a fortnightly basis, is required in most parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat owing to dry sandy dust, Mr Saha said.

“由于干燥的沙尘，在拉贾斯坦邦和古吉拉特邦的大部分地区，都是要求约几乎两周一次的频繁清洗。”萨哈说。

“But apart from the dust, one other main issue is the hardness of the water,” Mr. Khanna explained. “Hard water is not suitable for cleaning, and so we have to invest in reverse osmosis and other technology to make it suitable.”

“但是除了灰尘，另一个主要的问题就是水的硬度。”康纳解释道，“硬质水不适合用于清洗，所以我们必须使用反渗透技术或者其他技术来使硬质水用于清洁。”

“Since many large-scale power plants are located in the interior regions of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and parts of South India, getting soft water on sites becomes difficult at times,” Mr. Saha elaborated.

“由于大多数大规模的集中式光伏电站都处于拉贾斯坦邦、古吉拉特邦、马哈拉施特拉邦、中央邦、切蒂斯格尔邦及其他的南印度地区的内陆位置，有时在电站附件得到软水就变得非常困难了。”萨哈详细地描述道。

“Therefore, reverse osmosis or distillation plants have almost become mandatory for solar plants in order to provide water which can be used for cleaning modules.”

“为了给需要清洁的光伏组件提供合适的水，反渗透或者蒸馏的水厂就变成光伏电站所必须具备的了。”

Apart from treating the water, the unavailability of a steady water supply also proves to be a problem for solar plant operators.

除了水处理，不足的稳定水供应也是太阳能光伏电站运营者面临的一个问题。

“We require about 3-4 litres of water to clean each module,” Mr. Mehta said. “Water availability, especially in the remote areas where there are solar plants, is a problem. So we need water tankers.” Overall, the system of operations and the issues specific to India have resulted in the operations of solar plants in India being more expensive than in most other countries. “Operations and maintenance (O&M) is highly automated in the West as compared to primarily manual O&M services in India, where it can be estimated to be between Rs.9-12 lakh per year per megawatt,” Mr. Saha said.

“清洗一片组件需要大约3-4升水，”梅塔说，“水资源是个大问题，尤其是在有光伏电站的偏远地区，所以我们需要运水车。”总的来说，运行系统维护和印度面临的特殊的问题都导致了印度光伏电站的运营成本要高于其他的任何国家。“运营与维护（O&M）在西方国家已经高度自动化了，而在印度O&M还处于初级人工水平。据估计，在印度每年每兆瓦的O&M服务费在90-120万卢比之间（折合人民币约8.8-11.8万元）。”据萨哈说道。

“Another issue is that the skilled workforce required for cleaning and maintenance is not available in these areas and so we have to bring them in from other areas and train them,” Mr. Khanna said. Companies in India are beginning to employ new technologies to counter the dust problem, Mr. Saha said. “Anti-soiling technology like dust-free glass with self-cleaning hydrophobic nano-coating stops dust from sticking to the glass of the module.”

“另一个问题是进行清洁和维护的劳动人员在电站安装的地方是没有的，所以我们必须把他们从其他的地方带过来，并进行训练。”康纳说。印度的公司开始钻研新的技术来面对这些灰尘问题。萨哈表示：“防尘科技可以使灰尘不再粘附到组件上，比如有自带清洁功能的疏水性纳米涂层的无尘玻璃。”

Rooftop solar

屋顶光伏

Solar capacity in India has grown at a compounded annual growth rate of more than 60 per cent, from a little more than 1 GW of capacity in FY12 to more than 6.7 GW in FY16. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy projected these figures to grow to 18 GW by the end of FY17, eventually reaching its target of 100 GW by 2022.

印度的光伏装机量的年增长率超过了60%，从12的1GW出头到16年超过6.7GW。新能源与可再生能源部计划这个数字在17年末增长到18GW，最后到2022年达到目标100GW。

The government also plans to incorporate the still-dormant rooftop solar sector into its target for 2022, which means that individual households will also have to factor in the operational costs of having solar modules on their roofs. While the government has sanctioned Rs.5,000 crore to provide a 30 per cent capital subsidy for rooftop solar installations, this works out to a one-time fix. Consumers will still be expected to foot the water bill and cleaning bill. The government plans to add an average of 6.6 GW of rooftop solar capacity every year from 2016-17 to 2021-22.

政府也计划将仍在沉睡的屋顶光伏部分也列入到2022年的目标，这意味着个人居民也需要将屋顶光伏电站的运营成本考虑在内了。然而政府已经决定用500亿卢比（折合人民币约49亿元）为屋顶光伏电站提供30%的装机补贴，但用户仍需要支付水费与清洁费用。政府计划从2016-17年到2021-22年每年增加平均6.6GW的屋顶光伏装机量。

The result—higher operational costs—coupled with historically low tariffs for solar power could pose a future risk for the industry, according to Mr. Mehta.

梅塔认为，高运营成本与太阳能处于历史低位的价格都会为这个产业的未来埋下危机。

Solar tariffs in India have fallen tremendously, 16.1 cents per unit in November 2010 to 6.7 cents per unit in January 2016, among the lowest rates in the world, according to EY.

印度的光伏价格急速下滑，从2010年12月的16.1分每单位下滑到2016年1月的6.7分每单位，是世界上最低的价格之一了。

Despite renewing interest in the sector,they have sparked concerns about risks in projects that assume strict cost parameters to turn a profit at such low tariffs. “Ten to fifteen years down the line, operational costs will increase and revenues will start to flatten,” Mr. Mehta said. “So there is definitely a risk to profitability.”

虽然在光伏产业，仍然不断有人对之充满兴趣，但他们也关注这个项目的危机，如何在这么低的价格情况下控制成本参数，来实现盈利。“之后的10到15年，运营成本将会升高，收入将会开始趋于平缓。”梅塔说，“所以要想获利，当然有一定的风险。”

While the Centre has been encouraging the solar industry through a slew of measures such as ensuring grid connectivity and subsidies for rooftop solar projects, and with an eye on an ambitious 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022, the findings of the industry’s initial producers could lead to more interventions to address problems encountered so far.

但政府将通过一系列的措施来鼓励光伏产业，比如确保项目并网、屋顶光伏电站给予补贴。考虑到2022年装机量达到100GW的野心，光伏产业的最初厂商将会有更多的办法来解决目前遇到的问题。

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