英汉对照：有关颈椎解剖的病人指南

了解颈部的主要构成以及这些结构如何运作对于你学习关爱颈部疾病非常重要。谈到颈椎有两个常用的解剖术语很有用。“前”这个术语指颈椎的前面，“后”这个术语指颈椎的背面。颈部的这段脊柱称为颈椎。颈椎的前面称为颈前区，颈椎的背面称为颈后区。...

A Patient’s Guide to Cervical Spine Anatomy

Introduction

Knowing the main parts of your neck and how these parts work is important as you learn to care for your neck problem.

了解颈部的主要构成以及这些结构如何运作对于你学习应对颈部疾病非常重要。

Two common anatomic terms are useful as they relate to the neck. The term anterior refers to the front of the neck. The term posterior refers to the back of the neck. The part of the spine that moves through the neck is called the cervical spine. The front of the neck is therefore called the anterior cervical area. The back of the neck is called the posterior cervical area.

谈到颈椎有两个常用的解剖术语很有用。“前”这个术语指颈椎的前面，“后”这个术语指颈椎的背面。颈部的这段脊柱称为颈椎。颈椎的前面称为颈前区，颈椎的背面称为颈后区。

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the neck. It should help you understand

本指南是关于颈椎解剖的概述，有助于你理解：

· what parts make up the neck

· how these parts work

颈椎的构成

这些结构如何运作

Important Structures

重要结构

The important parts of the cervical spine include

颈椎的重要结构包括：

· bones and joints

· nerves

· connective tissues

· muscles

· spinal segments

• 骨与关节
• 神经
• 结缔组织
• 肌肉
• 脊髓节段

This section highlights important structures in each category.

这一节着重讲述每一类重要的结构。

Bones and Joints

骨与关节The human spine is made up of 24 spinal bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae are stacked on top of one another to form the spinal column. The spinal column is the body’s main upright support.

人体脊柱由24块称为脊椎骨的骨构成，它们上下堆叠形成脊柱。脊柱是人体直立的主要支撑。



The first seven vertebrae make up the cervical spine. Doctors often refer to these vertebrae as C1 to C7. The cervical spine starts where the top vertebra (C1) connects to the bottom of the skull. The cervical spine curves slightly inward and ends where C7 joins the top of the thoracic spine (the chest area).

颈椎由最上面的7块椎体构成。医生常把它们称作C1~C7。颈椎起于最上端的椎体（颈1），与颅底边缘相联结。颈椎有轻度向前的弯曲，终于颈7与胸段脊柱的最上端相连。

The base of the skull sits on top of C1, also called the atlas. Two thickened bony arches form a large hole through the center of the atlas. The opening is large because the spinal cord is wider where it first exits the brain and skull. Compared to other vertebrae, the atlas also has much wider bony projections pointing out to each side.

头颅座落于第一颈椎之上。第一颈椎也称作寰椎。寰枢的中心是由两个增厚的骨弓形成的大孔。孔很大是因为脊髓从头颅的大脑内开始发出时较粗大。与其它脊椎骨相比，寰椎两侧的骨性突起更加宽大。







The atlas sits on top of the C2 vertebra. The C2 is called the axis. The axis has a large bony knob on top, called the dens. The dens points up and fits through a hole in the atlas. The joints of the axis give the neck most of its ability to turn to the left and right.

寰椎座落于第二颈椎上方。第二颈椎称为枢椎。枢椎上方有个很大的骨性旋钮，称为齿状突。齿状突朝向上方，正好与寰枢的孔相匹配。颈椎左右旋转的能力大部分由枢椎的关节来承担。



Each vertebra is made of the same parts. The main section of each cervical vertebra, from C2 to C7, is formed by a round block of bone, called the vertebral body. A bony ring attaches to the back of the vertebral body. This ring has two parts. Two pedicle bones connect directly to the back of the vertebral body. Two lamina bones join the pedicles to complete the ring. The lamina bones form the outer rim of the bony ring. When the vertebrae are stacked on top of each other, the bony rings form a hollow tube that surrounds the spinal cord. The laminae provide a protective roof over the spinal cord.

每个脊椎骨由相同的结构组成。从颈2到颈7，每个颈椎的主要部分由一个圆形的骨柱构成，称为椎体。椎体的后方附有一个骨环。骨环有两部分，直接与椎体后方相连的为椎弓根，两侧的椎板与椎弓根相连构成完整的骨环。椎板骨构成骨环的外轮缘。当椎体上下堆叠，骨环形成空心的管道围绕着脊髓。椎板在脊髓后方提供屋顶状保护。

A bony knob projects out at the point where the two lamina bones join together at the back of the spine. These projections, called spinous processes, can be felt as you rub your fingers up and down the back of your spine. The largest bump near the top of your spine is the spinous process of C2. At the base of the neck where the cervical and thoracic spines join together, you’ll feel another large spinous process. That’s C7.

两侧椎板在脊柱后方相连处形成向后的骨性突起，称为棘突，当你用手指在脊柱后方上下抚按时能感觉得到。在脊柱最上方附近最大的隆起时颈2的棘突。在颈椎的底端，颈椎与胸椎相连处，可触及另一个很大的棘突，是颈7棘突。



Each vertebra in the spine has two bony knobs that point out to the side, one on the left and one on the right. These bony projections are called transverse processes. The atlas has the widest transverse processes of all the cervical vertebrae. Unlike the rest of the spine, the neck vertebrae have a hole that passes down through each transverse process. This hole, called the transverse foramen, provides a passageway for arteries that run up each side of the neck to supply the back of the brain with blood.

脊柱的每个脊椎骨朝向两侧有两个骨性突起，左右各一，称为横突。在所有颈椎中，寰椎的横突最宽。与其它节段的脊柱不同，颈椎的脊椎骨的每个横突有个孔穿过，称为横突孔，为穿行于颈椎两侧为大脑后部供血的动脉提供通道。



Between each pair of vertebrae are two joints called facet joints. These joints connect the vertebrae together in a chain but slide against one another to allow the neck to move in many directions. Except for the very top and bottom of the spinal column, each vertebra has two facet joints on each side. The ones on top connect to the vertebra above; the ones below join with the vertebra below.

每对脊椎骨之间有两个关节称为关节突关节。这些关节将脊椎骨联成一条“链子”，但相互之间可滑动，允许颈椎在各个方向上运动。除了脊柱最顶端和最底端，每个椎体在每一侧都有两个关节突关节。上方关节突与上位脊椎相连，下方关节突与下位椎体相连。

The surfaces of the facet joints are covered by articular cartilage. Articular cartilage is a smooth, rubbery material that covers the ends of most joints. It allows the ends of bones to move against each other smoothly, without friction.

关节突关节的表面有关节软骨覆盖。关节软骨是覆盖在关节端的光滑有弹性的材料，它允许骨端相互之间平稳无摩擦地相互活动。



On the left and right side of each vertebra is a small tunnel called a neural foramen. (Foramina is the plural term.) The two nerves that leave the spine at each vertebra go through the foramina, one on the left and one on the right. The intervertebral disc (described later) sits directly in front of the opening. A bulged or herniated disc can narrow the opening and put pressure on the nerve. A facet joint sits in back of the foramen. Bone spurs that form on the facet joint can project into the tunnel, narrowing the hole and pinching the nerve.

在每个椎体的左右两侧，有称作椎间孔的小通道。从每个椎体有两根神经从脊髓发出经过椎间孔，左右各一。椎间盘（后述）位于神经开口之前。膨出或疝出的椎间盘使开口狭窄，对神经造成压迫。关节突关节位于椎间孔的后方。从关节突关节长出的骨刺会突入通道，使孔狭窄，顶压神经。

Nerves

神经The hollow tube formed by the bony ring on the back of the spinal column surrounds the spinal cord as it passes through the spine. The spinal cord is a similar to a long wire made up of millions of nerve fibers. Just as the skull protects the brain, the bones of the spinal column protect the spinal cord.

在脊柱后方由骨环构成的中空管道在脊髓通过脊柱时围绕其周围。脊髓就好比由数百万根神经纤维组成的长长的电线。就象颅骨保护大脑，脊柱的骨保护脊髓。



The spinal cord travels down from the brain through the spinal column. Two large nerves branch off the spinal cord from each vertebra, one on the left and one on the right. The nerves pass through the neural foramina. These spinal nerves group together to form the main nerves that go to the limbs and organs. The nerves that come out of the cervical spine go to the arms and hands.

脊髓从大脑发出后在脊柱中穿行。脊髓在每个脊椎骨平面发出两根大的神经，左右各一。这些神经穿过椎间孔。这些脊神经合并成组形成支配四肢和器官的主要神经。从颈椎发出的神经支配颈部、胳膊和手。

Connective Tissues

结缔组织



Ligaments are strong connective tissues that attach bones to other bones. (Connective tissues are networks of fiber that hold the cells of the body together.) Several long ligaments connect on the front and back sections of the vertebrae. The anterior longitudinal ligament runs lengthwise down the front of the vertebral bodies. Two other ligaments run full length within the spinal canal. The posterior longitudinal ligament attaches on the back of the vertebral bodies. The ligamentum  flavum is a long elastic band that connects to the front surface of the lamina bones.

韧带是连接骨与骨之间的坚韧的结缔组织。（结缔组织是维系身体细胞的纤维网。）在脊椎骨前部和后部有一些长的韧带。前纵韧带在椎体前方纵向排列。在椎管全长有另外两条韧带。后纵韧带联结于椎体后方，黄韧带是联结于椎体骨前表面的长长的有弹性的束带。

A special type of structure in the spine called an intervertebral disc is also made of connective tissue. The fibers of the disc are formed by special cells, called collagen cells. The fibers may be lined up like strands of nylon rope or crisscrossed like a net.

在脊柱有一特殊类型的结构称为椎间盘，也是由结缔组织构成的。椎间盘的纤维由特殊的细胞形成，被称为胶原细胞。纤维象一股骨尼龙绳一样排除，或象网一样纵横交错。



An intervertebral disc is made of two parts. The center, called the nucleus, is spongy. It provides most of the shock absorption in the spine. The nucleus is held in place by theannulus, a series of strong ligament rings surrounding it.

椎间盘由两部分组成，中央部分称为髓核，呈海绵状，为脊柱提供大部分减震器功能。髓核由纤维环维系在位，它是一系列围绕在髓核周围的坚韧的韧带。

Muscles

肌肉

The anterior cervical area is covered with muscles that run from the rib cage and collar bone to the cervical vertebrae, jaw, and skull. The posterior cervical muscles cover the bones along the back of the spine and make up the bulk of the tissues on the back of the neck.

颈前区被覆走行于肋骨、锁骨与颈椎骨、下颌骨、颅骨之间的肌肉。颈后区的肌肉覆盖颈椎的后方，组成颈后区大部分组织。

Spinal Segment

脊髓节段



A good way to understand the anatomy of the cervical spine is by looking at a spinal segment. Each spinal segment includes two vertebrae separated by an intervertebral disc, the nerves that leave the spinal cord at each vertebra, and the small facet joints that link each level of the spinal column.

理解颈椎解剖的一个好办法是观察一个脊髓节段。一个脊柱节段包括两个椎体和其间的一个椎间盘，在每节椎体有神经从脊髓发出，小关节突关节连接每层脊柱。

The intervertebral disc separates the two vertebral bodies of the spinal segment. The disc normally works like a shock absorber. It protects the spine against the daily pull of gravity. It also protects the spine during heavy activities that put strong force on the spine, such as jumping, running, and lifting.

椎间盘将脊髓节段的两个椎体隔开。椎间盘退常起减震器的作用。在对抗日常牵拉重力中保护脊柱，同时也在剧烈活动时保护脊柱以减少作用于脊柱的强大作用力，例如跳跃、跑步和举重。

The spinal segment is connected by a facet joint, described earlier. When the facet joints of the cervical spine move together, they bend and turn the neck.

脊髓节段由关节突关节相连（见前述）。当颈椎关节突关节一起运动时，颈部屈伸旋转活动。

Summary

总结

Many important parts make up the anatomy of the neck. Understanding the regions and structures of the neck can help you be more involved in your health care and better able to care for your neck problem.

解剖上颈椎有很多重要的结构组成。懂得分区和颈部的结构有助于促进颈椎保健，并能更好地照顾自己的颈椎问题。

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