【中英文对照05-1】抑制、症状与焦虑（第五章-上-）弗洛伊德INHIBITIONS, SYMPTOMS AND ANXIETY

本篇中英文对照由清清风整理汇集；英文引自英标弗洛伊德全集电子版P.4294及稍后页码，中文引自车文博主编12卷本第9卷。阅读全本请点击“阅读原文”。...

（本篇中英文对照由清清风整理汇集；英文引自英标弗洛伊德全集电子版P. 4294及稍后页码，中文引自车文博主编12卷本第9卷。阅读全本请点击下方“阅读原文”。）We set out to study the formation ofsymptoms and the secondary struggle waged by the ego against symptoms. But inpicking on the phobias for this purpose we have clearly made an unlucky choice.The anxiety which predominates in the picture of these disorders is now seen asa complication which obscures the situation. There are plenty of neuroses whichexhibit no anxiety whatever. True conversion hysteria is one of these. Even inits most severe symptoms no admixture of anxiety is found. This fact aloneought to warn us against making too close a connection between anxiety andsymptom-formation. The phobias are so closely akin to conversion hysteria inevery other respect that I have felt justified in classing them alongside of itunder the name of ‘anxiety hysteria’. But noone has as yet been able to say what it is that determines whether any givencase shall take the form of a conversion hysteria or a phobia - has been able,that is to say, to establish what determines the generating of anxiety inhysteria.

我们开始研究症状形成和由自我所发动的针对症状的第二次斗争。然而，在基于这一目的而选择恐怖症时，我们显然做了一次不幸运的选择。在这些失常现象的描述中占据支配地位的焦虑，现在看来是一种使情境变得模糊不清的复杂情况。有许多神经症根本就没有表现出焦虑。真正的转换性癔症就属此例，即便在其最严重的症状中也找不到焦虑的影子。这个事实本身就可以告诫我们，不要把焦虑和症状形成过分紧密地联系起来。恐怖症和转换性癔症在所有其他方面都如此紧密地联系着，因而我觉得把他们划入“焦虑性癔症”的名下是完全有道理的。但是，迄今为止谁也不能说，是什么决定着某一种病例究竟采取转换性癔症的形式还是恐怖症的形式——就是说，怎样才能确定是什么决定着癔症中焦虑的产生。

The commonest symptoms of conversionhysteria - motor paralyses, contractures, involuntary actions or discharges, pains and hallucinations - are cathectic processes which areeither permanently maintained or intermittent. But this puts fresh difficultiesin the way. Not much is actually known about these symptoms. Analysis can showwhat the disturbed excitatory process is which the symptoms replace. It usuallyturns out that they themselves have a share in that process. It is as thoughthe whole energy of the process had been concentrated in this one part of it.For instance, it will be found that the pains from which a patient suffers werepresent in the situation in which the repression occurred; or that hishallucination was, at that time, a perception; or that his motor paralysis is adefence against an action which should have been performed in that situationbut was inhibited; or that his contracture is usually a displacement of anintended innervation of the muscles in some other part of his body; or that hisconvulsions are the expression of an outburst of affect which has been withdrawnfrom the normal control of the ego. The sensation of unpleasure whichaccompanies the appearance of the symptoms varies in a striking degree. Inchronic symptoms which have been displaced on to motility, like paralyses andcontractures, it is almost always entirely absent; the ego behaves towards thesymptoms as though it had nothing to do with them. In intermittent symptoms andin those concerned with the sensory sphere, sensations of unpleasure are as arule distinctly felt; and in symptoms of pain these may reach an extremedegree. The picture presented is so manifold that it is difficult to discover thefactor which permits of all these variations and yet allows a uniform explanationof them. There is, moreover, little to be seen in conversion hysteria of theego’s struggle against the symptom after it has been formed. It is only whensensitivity to pain in some part of the body constitutes the symptom that thatsymptom is in a position to play a dual role. The symptom of pain will appearno less regularly whenever the part of the body concerned is touched fromoutside than when the pathogenic situation which it represents is associativelyactivated from within; and the ego will take precautions to prevent the symptomfrom being aroused through external perceptions. Why the formation of symptomsin conversion hysteria should be such a peculiarly obscure thing I cannot tell;but the fact affords us a good reason for quitting such an unproductive fieldof enquiry without delay.

转换性癔症最常见的症状——运动性瘫痪、挛缩、不随意动作或释放、疼痛和幻觉——是宣泄过程，这些过程要么是永久保持的，要么是间歇性的。但这却造成了新的困难。实际上，我们对这些症状还没有多少了解。分析能够说明，症状所取代的受到阻碍的兴奋过程是什么。通常的结果是，这些症状本身也存在于该过程中。仿佛该过程的全部能量都集中在它的这一方面。例如，人们将发现，病人所遭受的痛苦表现在压抑出现的情境中；或者他的幻觉在当时曾是一种知觉；或者他的运动性瘫痪是对某种行动的防御，这种行动应该在此情境下施行但却受到了抑制；或者他的挛缩通常是对其身体的某一其他方面的肌肉有意图的神经支配的取代；或者他的惊厥表现的是从自我的正常控制下撤出来的情感的爆发。伴随着症状出现的不快感惊人地变化着。在已被移置到动作上去的长期的症状，如瘫痪和挛缩中，这种不快感几乎完全不存在，从自我对症状所采取的行动表现来看，仿佛自我和症状毫无关系；而在间歇性症状中以及在与感觉有关的症状中，一般地说，不快感可以明确地感觉到，在疼痛的症状中不快感则达到了极端程度。我们提供的这种描述是如此多方面的，以至于难以发现一种能包容所有这些变化但又能对它们做出一致解释的因素。另外，在症状形成后发生的自我同症状作斗争的转换性癔症中，几乎找不到这个因素。只有当一个人对身体某一部位疼痛的敏感性构成了症状之时，这种症状才能发挥双重作用。当从外部触摸到身体有关部位时，疼痛的症状就会出现；当它所代表的致病情境从内部被联想激活时，疼痛的症状也会经常出现。自我将采取预防措施，以防止症状通过外部知觉而被唤起。我无法回答，在转换性癔症中，为什么症状形成会是这样一种特别模糊的东西。但是，这个事实却使我们完全有理由毫不迟疑地放弃这个毫无收益的研究领域。

Let us turn to the obsessionalneuroses in the hope of learning more about the formation of symptoms.The symptoms belonging to this neurosis fall, in general, into two groups, eachhaving an opposite trend. They are either prohibitions, precautions andexpiations - that is, negative in character - or they are, on the contrary,substitutive satisfactions which often appear in symbolic disguise. The negative,defensive group of symptoms is the older of the two; but as illness isprolonged, the satisfactions, which scoff at all defensive measures, gain theupper hand. The symptom-formation scores a triumph if it succeeds in combiningthe prohibition with satisfaction so that what was originally a defensivecommand or prohibition acquires the significance of a satisfaction as well; andin order to achieve this end it will often make use of the most ingeniousassociative paths. Such an achievement demonstrates the tendency of the ego tosynthesize, which we have already observed. In extreme cases the patientmanages to make most of his symptoms acquire, in addition to their original meaning,a directly contrary one. This is a tribute to the power of ambivalence, which,for some unknown reason, plays such a large part in obsessional neuroses. Inthe crudest instance the symptom is diphasic:an action which carries out a certain injunction is immediately succeeded by anotheraction which stops or undoes the first one even if it does not go quite so faras to carry out its opposite.

我们不妨转向强迫性神经症，希望由此能获得对症状形成的更多的了解。这种神经症的症状一般可分成两组，每一组都有一种对立的倾向。一方面，它们既是禁律、预防措施和赎罪——就是说，在性质上是消极的；另一方面，它们也是经常以象征的伪装出现的替代满足。消极的、防御的那一组症状是两者中较古老的。但是，随着病情的延长，藐视所有防御措施的满足便占了上风。如果症状形成成功地把禁律与满足结合起来，进而使最初仅作为一种防御命令或禁律的东西也获得了满足的意义，那么，症状形成便取得了胜利。为了达到这个目的，它将常常利用最有独创性的联想道路。这种成就证明自我有一种综合的倾向，对此我们已经观察到了。在极端情况下病人设法赋予他的大多数症状以（除了其原始意义之外）一个直接相反的意义。这样做，乃是对那个矛盾心理的力量的一种赞颂，由于某种未知的原因，这种矛盾心理在强迫性神经症中起着这样大的作用。在最原始的例子中，症状是二相的（diphasic）：紧接着那种执行某种禁令的行动之后的，即便不是执行与先前对立的行动，也是先前行动的停止或取消。

Two impressions at once emerge from thisbrief survey of obsessional symptoms. The first is that a ceaseless struggle isbeing waged against the repressed, in which the repressing forces steadily loseground; the second is that the ego and the super-ego have a specially largeshare in the formation of the symptoms.

从对强迫性症状的这个简单的考察中，我们立刻就会产生两种印象。第一印象是，一场针对被压抑者的斗争正在不停息地进行着，在这场斗争中行使压抑的力量不断地失去阵地；第二种印象是，自我和超我在症状的形成中起特别大的作用。

Obsessional neurosis is unquestionably themost interesting and repaying subject of analytic research. But as a problem ithas not yet been mastered. It must be confessed that, if we endeavour to penetratemore deeply into its nature, we still have to rely upon doubtful assumptionsand unconfirmed suppositions. Obsessional neurosis originates, no doubt, in thesame situation as hysteria, namely, the necessity of fending off the libidinaldemands of the Oedipus complex. Indeed, every obsessional neurosis seems tohave a substratum of hysterical symptoms that have been formed at a very early stage.But it is subsequently shaped along quite different lines owing to aconstitutional factor. The genital organization of the libido turns out to befeeble and insufficiently resistant, so that when the ego begins its defensiveefforts the first thing it succeeds in doing is to throw back the genitalorganization (of the phallic phase), in wholeor in part, to the earlier sadistic-anal level. This fact of regression is decisivefor all that follows.

强迫性神经症无疑是分析研究中最有趣、最有报偿性的主题。但同时也是一个还没有得到解决的问题。必须承认，如果试图更深入地探讨其实质，我们将不得不依赖那些充满疑问的假设和尚未得到肯定的设想。毫无疑问，强迫性神经症起源于和癔症同样的情境，即阻止俄狄浦斯情结的力比多要求的必要性。确实，每一种强迫性神经症似乎都有一个在非常早期的阶段所形成的癔症症状的基质。然而，它后来的形成却由于某种素质因素的作用走着大不相同的路线。力比多的生殖器组织最后却成了虚弱无力和没有抵抗力的，以至于，当自我开始其防御性努力时，它随后所做的第一件事是使（性器期的）生殖器组织全部地或部分地回归到更早期的施虐水平。这个退行的事实对此后所发生的一切都具有决定性的意义。

Another possibility has to be considered.Perhaps regression is the result no t of a constitutional factor but of atime-factor. It may be that regression is rendered possible not because the genitalorganization of the libido is too feeble but because the opposition of the egobegins too early, while the sadistic phase is at its height. I am not preparedto express a definite opinion on this point, but I may say that analyticobservation does not speak in favour of such an assumption. It shows ratherthat, by the time an obsessional neurosis is entered upon, the phallic stagehas already been reached. Moreover, the onset of this neurosis belongs to alater time of life than that of hysteria - to the second period of childhood,after the latency period has set in. In a woman patient whose case I was ableto study and who was overtaken by this disorder at a very late date, it becameclear that the determining cause of her regression and of the emergence of herobsessional neurosis was a real occurrence through which her genital life,which had up till then been intact, lost all its value.

我们必须考虑另一种可能性。或许退行不是一种素质因素，而是一种时间因素所造成的结果。也有可能不是因为力比多的生殖器组织太虚弱，而是因为自我的对立面发生得太早（尽管施虐阶段才是它的最高峰时期），才使退行成为可能。虽然我不准备对这种观点表达一种明确的意见，但我却可以说，精神分析的观察并不支持这种假设。相反，观察表明，到强迫性神经症开始出现时，性器欲阶段早已经达到了。另外，这种神经症的发作开始于一个比癔症的生活时期更晚的时期——即开始于童年期的第二阶段，在潜伏期到来之后。在我所能研究的一个女病人的病例中，她是在很久以后才患上这种病的。这个病例清楚地表明，她的退行及其强迫性神经症出现的决定性原因是其疾病的一次真正的出现，她那直到那时一直没有过的性器欲生活，通过这种病的出现而失去了其全部价值。

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