【托福阅读课堂】TPO40-01 Ancient Athens

 

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本周课程主要解析TPO40的三篇阅读

分别是

『TPO40-01 Ancient Athens』
『TPO40-02 Latitude and Biodiversity』7月6日
『TPO40-03 Amphibian Thermoregulation』7月8日

  Paragraph 1 

Entering the polis age, Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek proto-democratic states: an assembly of adult males, an aristocratic council, and annually elected officials. Within this traditional framework the Athenians, between 600 B.C.and 450 B C., evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledgeddemocratic constitution, though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is seen in modem times.

2.According to paragraph 2, Athens had all of the following before becoming acity- state EXCEPT

A. acouncil made up of aristocrats

B. an assembly made up of men

C. a constitution that was fully democratic

D. officials who were elected yearly

Full-fledged:completely developed or establishede.
g. Coldlike symptoms that never quite develop into full-fledged colds.

The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B C，when he broke the aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than birth as the basis of office holding, abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary Athenians to the aristocracy, and allowing the assembly (of which allcitizens were equal members) to overrule the decisions of local courts incertain cases.The strength of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny, which is a form of interim rule by a popular strongman(not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us). The Peisistratids, as the succession of tyrants were called (after the founder of the dynasty. Peisistratos), strengthened Atheniancentral administration at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the region, producing Athens’ first national coinage, and adding and embellishing festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of the surrounding region. By the end of the century, the time was ripe for more change: the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 BC a new reformer, Cleisthenes, gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.

“（not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term suggests to us）" 括号考点一：解释说明
同类型真题：

TPO30-01篇-05题

TPO40-02篇-08题
TPO40-03篇-06题
TPO44-03篇-09题

括号考点二：浓缩句子，精简表达 

TPO18-01篇-10题

6. According to paragraph 3, all of the following were true of the Peisistratids' rule EXCEPT:

A. A national system of coins was created.

B. Judges were appointed acrossthe region.

C. New festivals were added.

D. Increased attention was focused on local villages.7. Theword “embellishing” in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. making more attractive

B. providing support for

C. duplicating

D. controlling

Embellish:a. If something is embellished with decorative features or patterns, it has those features or patterns on it and they make it look more attractive;b. If you embellish a story, you make it more interesting by adding details which may be untrue.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.

A. Cleisthenes, a reformer who recognized that aristocratic control had been decreasing since the end of the previous century, finally drove the tyrants out of Athens in 508 B. C.

B. The tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B.C. Cleisthenes put in place the structures that completed the weakening of the aristocracy.

C. By driving out the tyrants,Cleisthenes enabled the reforms that had been under way since the end of the century to reach their final form in 508 B. C.

D. Toward the end of the century, the tyrants were driven out, and in 508 B. C. Cleisthenes saw that it was time to change the structures that had reduced aristocratic control

分析复杂句子，从宏观结构切入，从具体意思简出。
考官主要在以下三维度设计句子简化题的错误选项 一， 正确断句 & 句间逻辑
S1 并列S2 ：排除A［时间先后关系］, 排除C［因果关系］二， 提炼核心信息
S1 = the time was ripe for more change 并列
S2 = Cleisthenes gave final form to the developments reducing aristocratic control 三，  句意理解［可以变态到强迫你分析每句核心句中的每个词］
S2说明Cleisthenes彻底封杀贵族权, D改写成Cleisthenes想改变（加强？减弱？用词有歧义）已让贵族权削弱的结构， 排除D

Cleisthenes' principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures, especially among the aristocrats, and to set in their place locality-based corporations called demes which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in Athens. Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population. From the demes,by either election or selection, came 500 members of a new council, 6,000 jurors for the courts, 10 generals, and hundreds of commissioners.The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council, which prepared the agenda for the meetings of the assembly［双逗号间的插入语］,and me courts, which took care of most judicial matters Various committees acted as an executive branch, implementing policies of the assembly and supervising, for instance, the food and water supplies and public buildings. This wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic form of the Athenianpolis from other, less liberal forms.

9. According to paragraph 4, one effect of making the demes the point of entry for civic life was to

A. ensure that every region had the same number ofcommissioners

B. distribute the population more equally throughout the Athens regionC. limit the numberof aristocratic clans

D. reduce the importance of family connectionsB: 这是一个没有深度，你不想选的正确选项：“Out of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal population”
D: 此错误选项不太容易快速发现——句子正确但是错误：与题干是并列关系，不是题干导致的结果

10. According to paragraph 4, one role of the new council was to

A. determine what issues came before the assembly

B. prepare the agenda for the courts

C. carry out the assembly’s policies

D. oversee the distribution offood and water精简长难句为：The assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to subordinate bodies such as the council and me courts. 排除B

考点：双逗号间，which引导的插入语

The effect of Cleisthenes’ reforms was to establish the superiority of the Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying them. National politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal point. At the same time, entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local loyalty a new focus: Athens itself. Over the next two centuries the implications of Cleisthenes’ reforms were fully exploited.

11. The word “exploited” in thepassage is closest in meaning to

A. separated

B. understood

C. utilized

D. exported

During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. In the next century,however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people," the Athenian democracy was a stunning success. Never before,or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.

12. The word “stunning” in the passageis closest in meaning to

A. popular

B. universal

C. impressive

D. continuing

Stunning = amazing = astonishing = brilliant = dazzling = glorious = gorgeous = suprising

13. Look at the foursquares  [■]  that indicate where the following sentencecould be added to the passage.



Indeed, at the height of Athenian democracy there was no government separate from its citizenry.

Where would the sentence best fit? Click on square [■] to add the sentence to the passage

During the fifth century B. C. the council of 500 was extremely influential in shaping policy. [■] In the next century,however, it was the mature assembly that took on decision-making responsibility. [■] By any measure other than that of the aristocrats, who had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior "people," the Athenian democracy was a stunning success.Never before, or since, have so many people been involved in the serious business of self-governance. [■] It was precisely this opportunity to participate in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek culture.[■]

解题流程
1. 理解被插入的句子：自由顶峰期民主到没政府
2. 分析句子功能
a. 总句
b. 分句［Bingo: 如下表所示，indeed引导句是强调前面已提到的观点总句]
c. 过渡句



3.  找到描述自由的总句，放在后面即可！

14. Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth 2 points.

Drag your choices to the spaces where they belong. To review the passage, click on View Text

Between 600 B.C. and 450 B.C., Athens changed the distribution of political power between the aristocracy and ordinary citizens.

Answer Choices

A. The rise of the city-stateput enormous pressure on the aristocracy to change its traditional way of life to make it appear more in harmony with the values of classical Athenianculture.

B. The aristocrats staged elaborate festivals that focused attention on Athens instead of the surrounding villages.

C. Cleisthenes' reforms reduced aristocratic power by reorganizing the citizen body and changing the entry points to civic life so that political power did not rely on traditional family and clan structures.与题九重叠

D. The aristocracy’s monopoly on political power ended with Solon’s reforms, and its political influence was further eroded by the centralization of administration under the tyrants. 与题三+题六重叠

E. Cleisthenes gave each tribe an equal number of council members, jurors, generals, and commissioners.

F. Over time, as the all-citizen assembly took on more and more of the actual exercise of political power,ordinary citizens participated in public life more fully than ever before. 与题十三重叠

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