第4集 大足石刻 Dazu Rock Carvings

大足石刻以其规模宏大，雕刻精美，题材多样，内涵丰富，保存完整而著称于世。它集中国佛教、道教、儒家“三教”造像艺术的精华，以鲜明的民族化和生活化特色，成为中国石窟艺术中一颗璀璨的明珠。...

名片 Name Card

大足石刻（Dazu Rock Carvings）：世界文化遗产，世界八大石窟之一，国家AAAAA级旅游景区，全国重点文物保护单位，重庆十大文化符号。

唐末、宋初时期宗教摩崖石刻，以佛教题材为主，儒、道教造像并陈，是著名的艺术瑰宝、历史宝库和佛教圣地，有“东方艺术明珠”之称。

大足石刻群有75处，5万余尊宗教石刻造像，总计10万多躯，铭文10万余字，是中国晚期石窟造像艺术的典范。与敦煌莫高窟、云冈石窟、龙门石窟、麦积山石窟等中国四大石窟齐名。

时间跨度从9世纪到13世纪，以其艺术品质极高、题材丰富多变而闻名遐迩，从世俗到宗教，反映了中国这一时期的日常社会生活，证明了这一时期佛教、道教和儒家思想的和谐相处局面，被誉为9世纪末至13世纪中叶石窟艺术陈列馆。历史 History



造像发源

源于古印度的石窟艺术自公元3世纪传入中国后，分别于公元5世纪和7世纪前后（魏晋至盛唐时期），在中国北方先后形成了两次造像高峰，但至公元8世纪中叶（唐天宝之后）走向衰落。于此续绝之际，位于长江流域的大足县境内摩崖造像异军突起，从公元9世纪末至13世纪中叶建成了以"五山"摩崖造像为代表的大足石刻。

晚唐造像

自公元892—1252年的360年间（晚唐景福至南宋淳佑年间），大足先后建成佛教、道教和"三教"造像区34处，造像数量占大足石刻总数的80%左右。

公元13世纪末叶南宋晚期，因战乱石刻造像中断。至15世纪末明代永乐年间，摩崖造像方渐复苏，一直延及晚清。公元15世纪初至19世纪末（明、清两代）的500年间共有摩崖造像39处。





北宋造像

公元965—1077年的百余年间（北宋乾德至熙宁年间），摩崖造像停滞。

公元1078～1173年（北宋后期的元丰至南宋初期的绍兴、乾道年间），大足石刻造像掀起第二个高潮。自公元1082年（元丰五年）大庄园主严逊舍地开凿石篆山释、道、儒"三教"造像区起，先后开凿出佛教、道教和"三教"造像区32处。南山、石门山造像区和北山多宝塔均于此间建成。

公元1174～1252年的70余年间南宋淳熙至淳佑年间，时称"六代祖师传密印"的大足僧人赵智凤，承持晚唐川西柳本尊创立的佛教密宗教派，于宝顶山传教。他以弘扬佛法为主旨，清苦七十余年，四方募化凿造佛像近万尊，建成了中国佛教密宗史上唯有的一座大型石窟道场。



五山造像

公元13世纪末和17世纪中叶，大足曾两度遭受兵燹。"五山"摩崖造像中，除宝顶山圣寿寺两次焚毁、两度重修外，摩崖造像一直保存完好。

“五山”摩崖造像建成后，除世俗装绚、培修外，直到19世纪末至本世纪初年，当地民众才在造像区旁增刻观音、山神、天公地母等少数几个小龛。现基本上保持了唐、宋时期造像的规模和风貌。1949年中华人民共和国建立后，一直妥善保护，并对公众开放。

以北山、宝顶山、南山、石篆山、石门山（简称"五山"）摩崖造像为代表的大足石刻是中国石窟艺术重要的组成部分，也是世界石窟艺术中公元9世纪末～13世纪中叶间中国晚唐景福元年至南宋淳佑十二年最为壮丽辉煌的一页。



向左看

大足石刻

大足石刻位于中国西南部重庆市的大足等县境内，这里素有“石刻之乡”的美誉。大足石刻最初开凿于初唐永徽年间（公元649年），历经晚唐、五代（公元907～959年），盛于两宋（公元960～1278年），明清时期（公元14～19世纪）亦有所增刻，最终形成了一处规模庞大，集中国石刻艺术精华之大成的石刻群，堪称中国晚期石窟艺术的代表，与云岗石窟、龙门石窟和莫高窟相齐名。

The site of Dazu Stone Carvings is right located within the boundary of counties such as Dazu in Chongqing Municipality in the southwest of China. This is an area widely known as The Home of Stone Carvings. First launched during the reign of Emperor Yonghui in early Tang Dynasty (649 AD), Dazu Stone Carvings passed through late Tang Dynasty and Five Ages (907-959 AD), flourished during the two Song Dynasties (960-1278) and had more carvings added to it in Ming and Qing dynasties (14th Century to 19th Century AD). Subsequently, an immensely large cluster of stone carvings came into existence fully revealing the highest level of attainment of the fine stone carvings in China. It can be termed as the symbol of grotto art in late times in China, looming as a match of Yugang Grotto, Longmen Grotto and Dunhuang Grotto.大足石刻群共包括石刻造像70多处，总计10万余尊，其中以北山、宝顶山、南山、石篆山、石门山五处最为著名和集中。

The Dazu Stone Carvings Cluster is predominantly composed of over 100,000 images standing in 70 places. Most notably, they come in large numbers in North Mountain, Baoding Mountain, Shizhuan Mountain and Shimen Mountain.北山石刻位于大足县城西北2公里处，始刻于唐景福元年（公元892年），至南宋绍兴年间（公元1162年）结束。北山石刻共有摩崖造像近万尊，主要为世俗祈佛出资雕刻。造像题材共51种，以当时流行的佛教人物故事为主。它是佛教世俗化的产物，不同于中国早期石窟。北山造像以雕刻精细、技艺高超、俊美典雅而著称于世，展示了中国公元8世纪至14世纪时，民间佛教信仰及石刻艺术风格的发展变化。

The Stone Carvings of North Mountain is about 2km away in the northwest of Dazu County. It was first carved in the first year during the reign of Emperor Jingfu in the Tang Dynasty (892 AD) and finished during the reign of Emperor Shaoxing in the South Song Dynasty (1162). There are approximately ten thousand images on facets of the cliff that have been accomplished through donations of common worshippers. The themes of images are 51 in total, mainly focused on the popular Buddhist people and plots. It is a worldly variation of Buddhism that is different from China grottoes in earlier times. The Stone Carvings of North Mountain is noted worldwide for its fine carving, exquisite workmanship, and graceful taste, revealing the development and change of folk Buddhist beliefs and artistic styles of stone carvings in China from the Eighth Century to the 14th Century AD.

宝顶山石刻位于大足县城东北15公里处，始刻于南宋淳熙六年（公元1179年），至南宋淳佑九年（1249年）结束。宝顶山石刻以圣寿寺为中心，包括大佛湾、小佛湾等13处造像群，共有摩崖造像近万尊，题材主要以佛教密宗故事人物为主，整个造像群宛若一处大型的佛教胜地，展现了宋代（公元960～1278年）石刻艺术的精华。

The Stone Carvings of Baoding Mountain is about 15km away in the northeast of Dazu County. It was first carved in the sixth year during the reign of Emperor Chunxi in the South Song Dynasty (1179 AD) and completed in the ninth year during the reign of Emperor Chunyou in the South Song Dynasty (1249 AD). With Shengshou Temple as the center, it comprises 13 clusters of images including Giant Buddha Bay and Little Buddha Bay, with about ten thousand images on facets of the cliff. These images are mainly about people and stories of concealed Buddhist schools and the whole cluster looks as if it were a large sacred land of Buddhist religion, embodying the cream of stone carving works of the Song Dynasty (960-1278 AD).

南山石刻

南山石刻位于大足县城东南，始刻于南宋（公元1127～1278年）时期，明清两代亦稍有增补。南山石刻共有造像15窟，题材主要以道教造像为主，作品刻工细腻，造型丰满，表面多施以彩绘。南山石刻是现存中国道教石刻中造像最为集中，数量最大，反映神系最完整的一处石刻群。

The Stone Carvings of South Mountain lies in the southeast of Dazu County. It was first carved in South Song Dynasty (1127-1278 AD), with slight additions in Ming and Qing dynasties. There are totally 15 grottoes with themes basically focused on Taoist styles. All the pieces are of exquisite workmanship and appear to be massive and sturdy with paintings on the surface. Today, The Stone Carvings of South Mountain is the largest and most densely-populated cluster of China Taoist stone carvings that can reflect the complete system of gods.

石篆山石刻石篆山石刻位于大足县城西南25公里处，始刻于北宋元丰五年（公元1082年），至绍圣三年（公元1096年）结束。造像崖面长约130米，高约3～8米，共10窟，是中国石窟中典型的佛、道、儒“三教”结合造像群。

The Stone Carvings of Shizhuan Mountain lies at about 25km in the southwest of Dazu County. It was first built carved in the fifth year during the reign of Emperor Yuanfeng in the North Song Dynasty (1082 AD) and accomplished in the third year during the reign of Emperor Shaosheng (1096 AD). The facet of the image is about 130m long and about 3-8m high, with 10 grottoes altogether. It is an image cluster of three-religion combination of Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism typical of China grottoes.

大足石刻以其规模宏大，雕刻精美，题材多样，内涵丰富，保存完整而著称于世。它集中国佛教、道教、儒家“三教”造像艺术的精华，以鲜明的民族化和生活化特色，成为中国石窟艺术中一颗璀璨的明珠。它以大量的实物形象和文字史料，从不同侧面展示了公元9世纪末至13世纪中叶中国石刻艺术的风格和民间宗教信仰的发展变化，对中国石刻艺术的创新与发展做出了重要贡献，具有前代石窟不可替代的历史、艺术和科学价值。

Dazu Stone Carvings is renowned far and wide for its large scale, fine workmanship, varied themes, remarkable abundance, and perfect preservation. It combines the quintessence of image carvings of the three religions of Chinese Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism and ranks as a glowing pearl of China grotto art with distinct features of ethnic cultures and lifestyles. With a stock of real relics and historical records, it has substantially displayed the development and changes of the style of China stone carvings art and folk religious beliefs from the Ninth Century to Mid-thirteenth Century AD. It has made great contribution to the innovation and development of China stone carvings art and is of irreplaceable value concerning history, art and science.

Basic Facts
Chinese Name: 大足石刻
Location: Dazu County, Chongqing
Earliest Carving Time: 650 AD during the Tang Dynasty
Number of Statues: Over 50,000
Area: 41,267 acres (16,700 hectares)

公众号：Starrysky_English

爱旅游，爱英语，一起说走就走，一起想学就学，星空英语与你同行！

    关注 星空英语