The Far Eastern Traffic for Sino-Russian Market - 中苏，中俄过去的运

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In 1989, the first USSR liner that arrived in China was named FNZEL (FESCO New Zealand Express Line). FNZEL was called to Shanghai with a shipment of project wool from New Zealand. FNZEL was also regularly servicing from Vostochny, Kobe, Nagoya, Yokohoma, HongKong, Manila and bounding for Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch in New Zealand with port wise in a wise versa for north bound. The project shipment exports from New Zealand to China last approximately 8 months.

1989年，第一条抵达中国大陆的苏联航线叫 FNZEL (俄远东-新西兰快线)，它在东方港，神户，名古屋，横滨，香港，马尼拉这些地方停靠继而往返于奥克兰、惠林顿、基督城。FNZEL 装载着一批产自新西兰的羊毛来到了上海，这批从新西兰出口到中国的羊毛贸易项目持续了将近8个月的时间。

In the mid 1990, a contract for wool was completed and thus FNZEL dropped Shanghai as a regular call and no long had a stop over in China. Instead, FESCO decided to let TSCL (Trans Siberia Container Line) add Shanghai after Hong Kong. This is the First regular line service export from China to Russia that ended up being split by two routes: the first being a railway through Manzhouli, the second being through Eren, Nei Mongol. Upon this ocean-going route had been launched, from Shanghai to Vostochny, connecting to the (TSR Trans-Siberian Railway) as a land-birdge, which covers all major inland cities of USSR. On top of all this, a portion of the route goes through Europe for Leningrad (Now known as St. Petersburg after year of 1991) via Hong Kong.

1990年年中，这批羊毛项目的合同已经完成，因此 FNZEL 跳过上海站不再在中国的港口停靠。取而代之的是继香港之后，俄远东 FESCO 让 TSCL（西伯利亚航线）增加上海停靠点。这是第一条从中国出发通往俄罗斯的定期班轮航线。此航线结束了之前中国通往俄罗斯两大铁路路线的“垄断局面”。第一条是经往满洲里的铁路，第二条铁路则通过内蒙古的二连浩特前往前苏联。这条海运航线从上海出发到东方港，连接了覆盖前苏联内陆城市的大陆桥，除此之外还有一部分路线通过海运经过香港连接欧洲的列宁格勒（1991年后改为圣彼得堡）。

During the 80’s, there were many regular services in Far Eastern Asia being operated by USSR Fleet, got use of Hongkong as transshipment hub, which includes:

20世纪80年，在远东地区有很多由前苏联船队运营的定期班轮航线利用香港作为中转港，其中包括：

• FAL  (FESCO AUSTRLIA LINE)
• FNZEL (FESCO NEW ZEALAND EXPRESS LINE)
• TSCL (TRANS SIBERIA CONTAINER LINE, FESCO)
• FIL  (FESCO INDIA LINE)
• FESCO RO-RO LINE
• JTSL (JAPAN TRANS SIBERIA LINE, FESCO  & MOL)
• KSDL (KOREA SOVIET DIRECT LINE,  FESCO & HMM)
• BLASCO ORIENTAL LINE (RORO SERVICE,  BLACK SEA  SHIPPING CO.)
• ODESSA OCEAN LINE (BLACK SEA  SHIPPING CO.)
• BALT ORIENT LINE (BALTIC SHIPPING CO.)

Surprisingly, along with the disintegration of the USSR at the end of 1991, one of the biggest shipping companies in the world: Black Sea Shipping Company had disappeared from the market and more than 200 vessels vanished within a month of the resolution. Another similar case was the Baltic Shipping Company which had 100 of their vessels captured by bankers and creditors during the change.

出乎意料的是，随着1991年前苏联解体，世界上最大的航运公司——黑海航运破产从市场上消失，超过200艘轮船在一个月之内被瓜分了。另一个相似的案例是波罗的海航运公司资不抵债，其100艘轮船也被银行和其债权人没收及清算拍卖。

Since then, of the previous USSR fleet just remained FESCO who were able to maintain their containerized liner service to Far East. In 1993, FESCO set up their own company and became much more independent. The FAL, FNZEL, FIL, FESCO RoRo and TSCL were continuously servicing in the Intra-Asia market. On top of that FESCO also launched a FESCO PACIFIC LINE with service to Seattle in the United States during the mid 90’s.

此后，前苏联商船队仅留下能够维持班轮集装箱运作的俄远东 FESCO。1993年，俄远东 FESCO 自己建立了公司，与前苏联商船队独立出来。其 FAL、FNZEL、FIL、FESCO RORO 和 TSCL 航线继续在亚洲各国市场航行提供服务。除此之外，在90年代，俄远东 FESCO 也开发了另一条通往美国西雅图的航线 FESCO PACIFIC LINE 。

Service to China via TSCL was suspended in 1998 during the crisis of the Ruble currency. In 2000, a charterer, Trans Marine had resumed service between Russia Far East to China by operating a 340-TEU loader from FESCO. The cooperation of Trans Marine only last a year before FESCO took over again and renamed the service to FCDL (FESCO CHINA DIRECT LINE) in 2001.

1998年通往中国的 TSCL 航线因卢布危机被迫中断。2000年，连捷海运公司通过租借俄远东 FESCO 的 340-TEU 集装箱船恢复了俄罗斯远东到中国的航线。在连捷海运经营这条航线大约一年的时间里，俄远东 FESCO 又重新接管了这条航线并将这条航线服务改名为  FCDL 。（FESCO CHINA DIRECT LINE）

In 2003, a strong competitor named Magistral Container Lines (General Agents: Honrus Shipping Co., Ltd) had extended their service from Korea to Shanghai to even a Russian market. With maximum six loaders as input, MCL had covered the service export China from Chiwan, Ningbo, Shanghai, Qingdao and Tianjin to Vostochny and Vladivostok of Russia.

2003年，一个强大的竞争对手迈捷箱运（总代理：上海俄东船务有限公司）扩大服务网点：从韩国延伸到上海继而深入俄罗斯市场。迈捷箱运当时已覆盖了从中国赤湾、宁波、上海、青岛和天津出口到俄罗斯的东方港和海参崴服务网点，最多的时候投放六艘船只进入市场。

Amongst FESCO and MCL, there were some chartered vessels being operated by shippers themselves with DDP operational mode shuttling between Vostochny and major China ports in the meantime. This strong cargo flow during between China and Korea up until 2008 when the second financial crisis had been dropped except FESCO, the only one remaining in the market.

除了俄远东 FESCO 和 MCL 迈捷箱运之外，与此同时还有一些以 DDP 为运作模式运营的租船提供东方港到中国主要港口的服务。中国和韩国之间庞大的出口货柜量一直持续到2008年金融危机爆发。金融危机后上述航线除了 FESCO 仅存于市场，其它航线因货柜量暴跌全面停顿。

Along with the economic revival in 2010, the cargo volume export China to Russia recovered rapidly. In comparison with the market to other destinations, the freight revenue from China to Far East Russia became much better than Trans Pacific route and Europe basic ports. Accordingly, Korean carriers such as HMM, Sinokor, Pan Inter-Continental, KMTC as well as Russian carrier SASCO and global giant like Maersk Line (MCC), CMA-CGM, APL placed their loaders to sharing the market from other competitors.

随着2010年经济复苏，从中国出口到俄罗斯的货物出口数量迅速上升。与市场其他国家相比，中国到远东俄罗斯的运费收入比到跨太平洋航线和欧洲各口岸的运费收入更为可观。因此，韩国船公司现代商船 HMM, 长锦商船 Sinokor, 泛洲海运 Pan Inter-Continental , 高丽商船 KMTC 还有俄罗斯的库页岛船公司 SASCO 和全球航运巨头马士基（MCC）、达飞轮船 CMA-CGM 和美国总统 APL 等均安排他们的集装箱船进入市场与同行分享这块大蛋糕。

Very strange phenomenon, none of Chinese carriers has succeeded in this trade even though Sinotrans, Trans Marine, Zhao Yang, CMT and etc. participated in this market for a certain period during the last 20 years. Nowadays, only Korean, Russian and multi-national carriers remain in Sino-Russian traffic playing a majority role.

然而很奇怪的是，在过去这20几年里，没有一家中国的船公司能在这个市场持续生存，其中包括中国外运集团、连捷海运、朝阳航运、盛伦航运等均是昙花一现，仅有韩国、俄罗斯和跨国航空公司在中俄交通运输中发挥主导作用。

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