【干货】选词(四)

 

本系列文章针对的群体依然是:x0ax0a1. 考ACT/SAT的同学x0a2. 在英美上高中,每周都要写essay的同学x0a3. 申请完毕,马上大一开学的学生x0ax0a今天五分钟的主题是:语言精确...



在过去的一个多月,我们用零碎时间学习了如何写好的句子(Sentence Style),在接下来的几期,我们将着重学习选词(Word Choice),每一期的文末,我会对比讲解几个学生常常用错的词。

本系列文章针对的群体依然是:

1. 考ACT/SAT的同学

2. 在英美上高中,每周都要写essay的同学

3. 申请完毕,马上大一开学的学生

温故知新:

  1. 句子冗长
  2. 强动词
  3. 语言得体


今天五分钟的主题是:语言精确(Exact Language),如何保证每次的用词都准确,很大程度上取决于大家如何背单词,大家可以看下我之前的专题文章。大家要会使用字典,勤查字典,查对字典!不要特意使用近义词字典查花哨的近义词,语言精确最重要!那如何使得自己的语言精确呢?从以下几个角度着手。

1. 选词的时候要把握好语气(Connotation),看看下面的句子怎么改:

When American soldiers returned home after World War II, many women abandoned their jobs in favor of marriage. (abandon 这个词在这里太负面,需要选用 left)

2. 选择具体的名词(Concrete and specific nouns)

什么是具体的名词?什么是比较泛,比较抽象的名词呢?咱们看下下面的例子就明白了:

film 太泛;fantasy film 稍微具体一些;Harry Potter 更加具体

justice, realism, dignity 这些看不见摸不着的都属于抽象名词

steeple, asphalt, lilac, stone 这些属于具体名词

有些时候,抽象名词是必要的,但是如果可以用具体名词代替的情况,总是要选择使用具体名词,因为他们更加达意,大家看下下面的例子:

The senator spoke about the challenges of our state’s future:the environment and crime.

修改之后:The senator spoke about the challenges of our state’s future: pollution, dwindling natural resources, and overcrowded prisons.

Toni Morrison’s Beloved is about slavery,among other things.

修改之后:Toni Morrison’s Beloved is about slavery, motherhood, and memory.

3. 不要用错词

如果大家不能百分之百确定某一个词的用法的时候,千万不要即兴发挥,特别是在考场上,平时写作业的时候,要多查查字典,看看字典给的例句,明白单词使用的场景(context),用错单词会很搞笑,大家看看下面的例子。

Fans who arrived late were migrating up the bleachers in search of seats. (migrating 改成 climbing)

Marie Winn quarrels that television viewing is bad for families because it “serves to anesthetize parents into accepting their family’s diminished state” (357). (quarrels 改成 argues)

Most dieters are not persistence enough to make a permanent change in their eating habits. (persistence 改成 persistent,词性要搞清楚)

4. 习语使用要准确(Idioms)

所谓习语,就是一些习惯性地表达,它的意思不能够通过单个单词意思的简单相加,必须要牢记,不能对词组进行改造,比如说(红色为经常用错的,绿色是正确的习语):
abide with (a decision) abide by (a decision)
according with according to
agree to (an idea) agree with (an idea)
angry at (a person) angry with (a person)
capable to capable of
comply to comply with
desirous to desirous of
different than (a person or thing)different from (a person or thing)
intend on doing intend to do
plan on doing plan to do
preferable than preferable to
prior than prior to
similar than similar to
superior than superior to
sure and sure to
think on think of, about


5. 不要过分使用 clichés

所谓 clichés 就是那些老掉牙的表达,比如说:cool as a cucumber; beat around the bush; blind as a bat; busy as a bee, beaver; crystal clear; out of the frying pan and into the fire; light as a feather 等等,处理方式就是重写,大家看看下面的例子:

When I received a full scholarship from my second-choice school, Ifound myself between a rock and a hard place.

修改之后:When I received a full scholarship from my second-choice school, Ifelt squeezed to settle for second best.

6. 谨慎使用修辞手法(Figure of speech)

关于修辞手法,我会另开一个专题讲解~尽请关注哦!

易混淆词:

allusion vs illusion

allusion 是一种修辞手法,引经用典,illusion表示幻想:Did you catch my allusion to Shakespeare? Mirrors give the room an illusion of depth.

amoral vs immoral

amoral 表示“不遵守到的准则;既不道德也不不道德”;immoral 表示“不道德的”:Until recently, most business courses were taught from an amoral perspective. Murder is immoral.

amount vs number

amount 后面跟不可数名词;number后面可数名词:This recipe calls for a large amount of sugar. We have a large number of toads in our garden.

Reference:

Sommers, Nancy, and Diana Hacker. A Writer’s Reference (7th ed.). Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2011. Print.

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