帆船赛技术分享之一 迎风转向（Tacking Teckniques）

Sailingin开始定期为大家编译Jim船长分享的帆船赛技术和战术，欢迎大家关注留言，加入Sailingin帆友群，大家共同学习提高。...



众所周知，想要在帆船赛中取得好成绩我们最好做到两点，跑得更快和跑得更聪明。前者需要水手们在赛前将船准备好，在比赛中将帆调整到最合适的状态。后者要求船长和战术师对海况和比赛航线有准确的把握。

然而说起来容易做起来谈何容易，如果你还没有头绪从哪方面提高自己的帆船赛水平，不妨来关注Sailingin帆船赛技术分享，Jim会把自己在帆船赛中注意的小细节小技巧一一分享给大家，欢迎大家持续关注。第一期Jim和大家分享了他在转向中的一些体会，以下是翻译内容：（原文附于文末）

关于迎风转向的技巧

在帆船比赛中，迎风转向是一项很常见的操作，不同的海况对转向的要求也不同。有时你可以选择时机，慢慢完成转向；而有时情况会迫使你立即完成转向。转向的方法有很多，但是作为船长，你要时刻提醒自己，这是个团队操作，需要船长与船员间保持沟通，船员需要随时了解你（船长）的意图。在中国比赛和训练中，迎风转向时我会用中文说:‘‘准备转向！转向 1。。。2。。。3。。。”有了这样的交流，水手们就会熟悉你转向时的节奏，而这样的熟悉和配合是做好转向的关键。我从事帆船运动已经三十年了，而我仍然觉得数123 是与船员达成默契的最好方法。讲哪种语言并不重要，重要的是这样重复的练习让船员们了解了你的口令和节奏。下面我带大家重温一下转向这个基本操作：

假设我的船正在跑迎风，作为船长，我想现在做一个转向。

我发出指令：Ready to tack（准备转向）这时，我关注船的前方，要确保我的船有转向的空间（如果此时前方有船，我没有转向的空间，我可以立即取消转向）船上的每个人都有不同的工作，但此时所有人都保持自己反压弦的状态不变，但要做好移动的准备。此时，前帆手要做好几件准备工作：1.摇把是否还放在下风的绞盘里（是的话就拿出来啊）2上风的撩绳是否松弛3上风的撩绳有没有准备好绕在绞盘上两圈（两圈视风力情况而定）

我发出指令：1同时船头微微转向，这时前帆手回到船中间，打开夹绳器，但是注意不要松掉下风撩绳。其他船员保持压弦不动。但要做好快速回到船中间的准备。

我发出指令:2同时船头继续转向，转向的速度要与船员操作的速度保持一致。舵手身体后移，为转向后移动到船另一侧做好准备。前帆手可以松掉绕在绞盘上的绳索，因为随着船头迎风，撩绳上的张力逐渐减小。其他船员此时可以将身体转进船内，但不要挡住舵手视线。

我发出指令：3此时前帆手送掉下风撩绳，拉紧上风撩绳。注意，在风不大的情况下，虽然前帆已经转向，但是船扔保持原来的倾角。所以船员不急于到下风压弦。

转向后我会进行怎样的操作呢？很少有人谈到或者在教材中写到这方面的信息。

首先，对于舵手，舵手需要尽快找到转向后合理的航线。转向的角度过大会给前帆手调帆带来很大困难。所以转向时不必立即转到位，而之后再调整到合适的航向。做几次转向练习时候，你会渐渐体会到这种转向的甜点。舵手坐到船的另一侧之后尽量向前坐。如果舵手同时要操作滑道和主帆，要记住分清主次：方向比滑道和调帆这些细节都重要。如果你的前帆拉的不够紧，这时有的船长会跑低角度让帆张满。不要这样做。这样只会给你的船员操作带来麻烦。

其次，对于船员：前帆手，在转向的时候，前帆手需要找准时机松掉一侧的撩绳，拉紧另一侧。找好时机，转向过后你就不需要用摇把在绞盘上操作。注意不要只用上肢力量拉撩绳，用身体的力量，转向的时候坐着调帆，只会降低你调帆的效率。

如果舵手转向时可以稍微慢一点，而同时前帆手及时拉紧前帆，转向就会完成得很好。这种操作，技巧和时机比力量更重要。前帆手调帆时应注视的前帆下角，这样可以看到前帆和时过桅杆，何时拉帆。舵手也要关注前帆后角，从而调整自己转向的速度，是否要根据前帆手的操作节奏减慢自己转向的速度。

其他船员此时要注意用自己的体重压弦。如果仓前的位置人很多，转向前要商量好谁先转进船内。另外，有一些情况需要船员们考虑1.不要踩到撩绳上 2.尽量快速移动到船另一侧并马上压弦。3离前帆手最近的水手需要考虑给前帆手帮忙1）撩绳在绞盘上绕数太多2）检查撩绳有没有被卡住或者打结等等

练习练习练习！！！熟能生巧。在转向操作并不完美时，舵手都喜欢吐槽自己的船员。但是在吐槽之前，舵手该自己反思一下，你在转向时有没有调整自己去适应船员的节奏？你有没有提醒船员你将要转向了？如果这些你做到，你可以再给水手们一些压力。但是记住，我们希望所有人享受帆船并从中学到知识。

下面我介绍一个迎风转向的训练：迎风航行，选择时机开始转向操作，转向后并且船员们都坐到船外压弦后进行下一次转向。转向操作不必匆忙，但力求平缓流畅。连续做四五次转向训练，船员们开始感到疲惫，这时可以考虑稍作休息。在操作的同时，你作为船长应该思考：船员们操作的速度，他们在训练中有所提高吗？是否需要更换船员等等。

这些操作都很简单，但是在帆船比赛中，一切都是瞬息万变的。经常会有右弦船突然闯入，迫使你不得不立即转向。这时你只是需要加快数一二三的速度就好了，船员也会和你进行同步操作。

迎风转向是学习帆船时最先学到的操作，正是因为最先学习，所以才最容易从开始就带上不好的习惯。所以你应该重新考虑下自己的基本操作，做一些调整，看看在比赛中是不是管用。每次尝试一种改变，不要改变太多，所以在航行中你可以体会到这样的改变是积极的还是消极的。操作帆船比赛是一种艺术，如果你们操作得当，可以看到船员们完美而优雅地完成转向操作，并且船不失速。你我都知道，很少有船队可以坐到这一点。所以每个人都应不断学习不断练习。争取每一次航行都有所提高，并且享受航行的快乐。



Tacking Techniques

For all you racers out there we have all been in many different situations where tacking was needed either in a rush or not.  There are many different ways of tacking a boat.  But keep in mind that this is a team sport unless your sailing a Laser.  You need to communicate your intensions to the crew.  In china I find communications a bit hard only speaking english.  So I have been working with Tacking in yi, er, san (1,2,3). After tacking several times with a veteran crew or a complete novice crew everyone understands your timing and that is the key to having good tacks.  I have been racing for more then 30 years and I still find that this is the best way to get the timing right with the crew.  It doesn't matter what language you speak, it is the repetition and the crew knowing what it means that matters.  I will run you through the basic tack.

We are going up wind on and I am the driver and I am thinking we are going to tack soon.

I say:

“Ready to tack”:  The driver should have glanced over their forward shoulder to make sure they have room to tack (if there is a boat there you haven't had crew start moving yet so you can cancel the tack at this time if needed). Each crew member has different things that they should be doing.  None of them should get off the rail from hiking but they should prepare themselves for moving.  The cockpit person needs to check a few things. Is the winch handle still in the winch (therefore he needs more time to remove it), is the slack out of the windward sheet and is the windward winch ready with two wraps?  More is asking for an override and less is asking for you to not be able to hold the load.  Two works on most boats.

Driver:

Yi or 1 with a slight turn of the boat toward the wind (pinching mode)

Cockpit person moves into the cockpit and goes for the release of the line around the self tailing winch.  But DON'T LET ANY OUT.  Middle and bow stay on the rail but put their heads in the boat and maybe even one foot in enough so that they can get to their feet quickly.

Driver:

Er or 2 alow the boat to keep turning but at the same speed in which the crew is responding to your tack.

Driver moves back a little in preparation to move to the other side of the boat.

Cockpit person takes a wrap off the winch since the load is less with the boat turning toward the wind.

Middle and bow are on their feet but still crouched so that it is easy for everyone to see behind them.

Driver:

San or 3

San means break or release of the old sheet and start to trim the new.

Crew do not change yet unless it is quite windy.

Boat is into the wind enough that the jib is 100% luffing back at the old jib block.

What does everyone do next?  This is not taught very much or at least not written down.

Driver: The driver wants to find course as soon as possible.  Oversteering makes it hard for the cockpit to trim the jib so understeering is better then oversteering but even then you need to get to course as soon as possible.  A few practice tacks before racing should help you find that sweet spot for the conditions.  When you sit down try and sit forward.  If you have a traveler or mainsheet to worry about know that steering is more important then the others so get the boat to the proper course and then catch up with the others if you are behind.  If the jib or genoa are not in all the way do not bear off to fill them.  That just slows down your cockpit person and loads up the sail.

Cockpit:  you get one shot at the right timing to tail the loose line when tacking. It is your goal to get that timing down right so that you don't have to use the winch handle.  Don't just use your arms.  When you give it your final pull use your entire body.  Your legs, back, shoulders and arms are much more effective then just your arms.  Stay on your feet.  If you sit on your ass you will not be effective and only be using your upper body.  There are two places to give it your full pull, depending on jib or genoa.  Jib, you pull 100% once the jib passes the mast.  With a Genoa you pull 100% after the clew passes the shrouds.    If your driver has slowed the turn a little at the time you pull 100% that will be more effective for you and for the overall tack because it gives you a split second more time to get it done right the first time. This is technique, not strength.  Really on the timing not the strength.  However, the strength helps but timing is much more important.  Notice that I have giving places to pull in reference to the clews location forward. Well, you have to be facing forward to see it and so does the driver if they want to help you at all with slowing the turn down at the right time.

Middle and bow should work together on weight and movement.  If the cockpit is crowded then you need to discuss who goes first.  But here are a few important things to consider: Don't step or sit on the jib sheets.  Where are your feet in reference to the jib sheets (you want them inside the sheets if you have a genoa)? Move to the other side of the boat as fast as possible and go right out with feet over the side.  The person closest to the cockpit should be looking at the cockpit person or old jib winch, if there is any problem they can assist (for example: too many raps are were left on the old winch, flip one off and going to the rail).  The bow man can help quite a bit but what to look for?  First look for the sheet getting caught on something.  In many cases you can release it before the sheet loads up if you are paying attention.  Second assist the old sheet out if needed.  Friction is a killer for the cockpit so if you are helping reduce it that helps a ton. When dealing with a genoa you have a new roll which many people don't understand well.  The genoa has to go around both sets of shrouds and the mast before the cockpit person can pull 100%.  Well those shrouds like to hold up the clew which slows the tack.  Standing between the windward shroud and the mast allows you to push the genoa forward in when it is passing you which allows it to go frictionless around the shrouds.  This helps the cockpit person a ton and it is very easy to do.  After it passes, go around the mast and sit on the rail as soon as possible.  (don't wait for a skirt on the genoa with the lifelines. Move to windward and then go back for the skirt if needed.  The weight, even temporarily is helpful for completing the tack well.)

Practice, Practice, Practice.  I realize that on bad tacks the driver normally wants to complain to the crew but before you think of doing that, first think and evaluate yourself.  Did you slow the turn and make it easier for them?  Did you notify them about the tack?  Did you suggest to remove the winch handle early in preparation for a future tack?  If you did these things then go ahead and push the cockpit crew but we want everyone to have fun and come back too.

A drill to practice: Go upwind, check your leads and the way the sails are set.  Then start a tacking drill.  When the crew gets comfortable on the rail after the tack call another tack.  Don't rush it but keep it as smooth as possible.  Do this 4 or 5 times.  By then, the crew will start giving you evil looks and that is when you give them a little break. But what did your learn in that drill?  How fast were they.  Did they improve.  Do they need more help or do you need to consider a crew change and try again?

This all sounds easy and it is, but we all know that things change on the race course.  Starboard tacker just appeared from no where and you need to tack or the crew fell getting off the rail so they will be a little slower.  Just change your speed on the count and it will get everyone back in sync.  It really is that easy but you need to practice.

Tacking is one of the first things you learn sailing but since it is the first it is also the one maneuver that starts with bad habits.  This is why it is important to go back to the basics every once in a while on any racing team and see if you can do it better.  Try new things.  Don't change too many things so that you can evaluate what works and what doesn't. Racing a sailboat is an art and when done correctly it beautiful to see a crew gracefully execute tack after tack loosing little speed.  But we all know that only a few boats really get to that point.  So everyone else should be taking something out of this and doing a little more practice.  Have fun and improve every time you go sailing.

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