张西： 建筑师对既定条件的分析、消化和应对能力决定设计的品质

“Might Have Been本有可能”特邀建筑师张西，讲述“乌兰巴托瑞士小区”和“南翔水岸住宅”的设计故事。...




『“Might Have Been本有可能”邀约项目不限制类型尺度，仅从未能实现建成的原因归类—过于超前受制于技术或观念、制度的限制而未被继续、各方博弈而背离初衷。』

项目名称：乌兰巴托瑞士小区

项目类型：住宅建筑设计 

客户：私人

时间： 2010年

未实现原因： 政府谈判未达成 开发商资金未到位Project Name: Ulan Bator Riverside

Project Type: residential

Client: private owner

Project Year: 2010

Cause for incompletion: failure to reach consensus with authorities, a lack of funds from the developer

►将能源设计带入到住宅建筑中

Blend of energy efficiency into a residential project

“乌兰巴托瑞士小区”住宅项目是一个瑞士的有物理学背景的投资人开发的。乌兰巴托与中国北方很相似，类似的地理位置和气候条件，冬季寒冷漫长，日照强烈。利用太阳能集热蓄热是本项目的投资亮点。建筑设计需要满足规划面积最大化，投资回报高，品质优；即在高密度，低成本住宅设计上实现高节能，高舒适，低运营成本的需求；而建筑设计需要将太阳能资源和技术，自然良好的与业主需求，造价，基地条件结合起来，把优雅舒适的品质感呈现出来。The Ulan Bator Riverside project is developed by a Swiss investor with a physics background. The Mongolian capital Ulan Bator has similar geographical and climate conditions with the northern parts of China – long, frigid winter and intense sunlight. Solar heat accumulation is the major highlight attracting investment. The scheme is expected to maximum the planning area, investment returns and quality, i.e. to ensure high energy efficiency, comfort and lower operating costs for the low-cost, high-density residential project, and in the meantime to incorporate solar power technology in line with the client’s needs, natural conditions and the aim to keep the overall costs low, giving a sense of elegance and coziness.  


乌兰巴托瑞士小区-总平面

Ulan Bator Riverside-Master plan

乌兰巴托冬季很长，建设时间几乎只剩下半年，但是日照很强，我们把停车设置在零层，覆盖一个大平台，拥有钻石状玻璃顶棚的自然采光井，利用温室效应保证停车库的天然供暖，并且保障绿色植物在如此寒冷的冬季得以存活生长。

In response to the short building timeframe of less than six months due to the long winter and intense sunlight, we place the parking lot on the ground floor and cover it with a colossal platform that features several lightwells with diamond-patterned glass ceilings. These wells help ensure natural heating and greenery’s survival in the wintery weather.  

乌兰巴托瑞士小区-总剖面图

Ulan Bator Riverside-Site section所有建筑物建造在平台之上。从停车库可以电梯直达回家。所有建筑物也高低交错布局，从而满足所有的建筑物都有最好的朝南朝向和最广阔的视野，就电影院座位错落布置的原理。All the structures are built above the platform. Elevators in the parking lot lead directly to residences. The buildings are arranged in a zigzag manner - just like those seats in a cinema - to ensure each of them faces south and enjoys maximum views.



通常太阳能的建筑物外形会很工业化，我们想办法将技术融和到设计中。屋顶覆满太阳能板，立面有很多黑色玻璃，热空气上升到屋顶完成热交换。我们将当地石材与黑色蓄热玻璃搭配形成高品质小区的印象。建筑物基础部分还有大量鹅卵石来聚集储存热量提供冬天供热。Technical elements are incorporated into the scheme since a typical solar-powered structure is very industrial. The roof covered with solar panels and black glass facades allow hot air to ascend the roof and complete heat exchange. The locally made stones and the thermal storage glass panels give a high-end impression. The foundations feature a plethora of cobblestones that could store heat for winter.



我们在做设计的时候，会让能源设计师先进来，因为一个建筑物如何运作核心重要，几乎确定了整个建筑设计建造的策略。我们同好多能源公司一起合作，一开始会先有一个smart的能源设计，就像人体一样，先有“血脉”的框架策略，最后才是造型，造型只是结果，而非原因。这样做出来的设计结果一定是美的好的，因为这是所有建筑师必须要保证的。The energy engineer got involved from the start because a structure’s function is paramount, almost defining the design and building schemes. We teamed up with a number of energy companies in producing a smart energy scheme which acts as a framework, just like blood vessels in human body, and then the form, which is not the starting point, but rather a result. This strategy leads to something beautiful and remarkable, which each and every architect is expected to achieve. 

乌兰巴托瑞士小区-太阳能收集

Ulan Bator Riverside-Solar power collection

建筑开始动土的这种行为是一个社会经济活动，它不是一个造型活动，更不是一个平面设计。但凡涉及到规划，能源都是特别重要的，简单点说，电气、供暖的中心放在哪里直接影响了小区的能源的效率；玻璃幕墙多少、双层或是三层玻璃的选择直接影响到建筑品质，因为这是经济，能源、施工全方位考虑的结果。而分析，预测，组织管理优化这些相关因素及其影响，才是设计的真正意义。

A building’s breaking ground is more of a social and economic activity than a simple act of design, or worse, graphic design. When it comes to planning, energy is of great significance because the centre of the electric, gas and heating systems determines energy efficiency inside the community. Moreover, the number of glazed curtain walls and the choice between double-layer and triple-layer ones, after the financial, energy and construction aspects are factored in, have a direct impact on quality of a structure. What design really means lies in the analysis, prediction, management and optimization of these aspects and their impact.



乌兰巴托瑞士小区-植物房分析

Ulan Bator Riverside-Green house analysis►如果设计可以节省运营成本的话，

那对所有人来说都是共赢的

Reducing operating costs through design benefits all



这个项目未能实现的原因是全球经济危机，募集资金的过程突然中断，我们还未来得及与能源科学家具体的配合，项目就搁浅了。

The project’s failure to realize is caused by the financial crisis that disrupted the funding efforts and halted the entire project even before we had time to coordinate with the energy expert.



乌兰巴托瑞士小区-酒店效果示意

Ulan Bator Riverside-Rendering of Swissotel这个未实现的项目特殊性在于，我们将能源设计作为第一步考虑的重点，也启动了我们公司将能源设计先行的思想策略。我们做了很多的恒温恒湿的建筑，即便没有能做恒温恒湿的经济条件，我们也会考虑该如何利用天然条件来做到节能环保、经济上优化的建筑物，而不是消耗能源的、在地球上的一个“肿瘤”，更不是达成建筑师个人的某种形式产物。

What makes this project special is that we took into consideration energy design right from the start and launched the strategy of “putting energy first”. Having completed a range of buildings with constant temperature and humidity, we tend to ponder how to create an energy-saving and economical complex using natural conditions, other than an energy-consuming “tumor” on the earth or some sort of product of the architect himself, despite poor economic conditions. 



乌兰巴托瑞士小区-酒店剖面示意

Ulan Bator Riverside-Section of Swissotel

所以我们也一直在想如何让建筑物的增加不会成为整个社区、以及地球上的一个负担，既是一个高品质的社区环境，也是有利于社会的经济行为。如果可以节省运营成本的话，那对所有人来说都是共赢的。

We have been thinking about how to prevent newly built structures from becoming a burden on the community and the world as a whole, and instead create a quality living environment and benefit the entire society. And reducing operating costs in this way benefits all.  



如果它能够实现的话，我倒是觉得很划时代的。在典型的发展中国家，用物理学的创意实实现低成本，高节能，高品质的住宅，是一个很棒的概念。在中国北方地区也是同样适用的。I think realization of the project would have been ground-breaking. It is a great idea to build a quality, low-cost and highly energy-efficient residential area using physics in the typical developing country of Mongolia, which is applicable to the northern parts of China. 

项目名称：南翔水岸住宅

项目类型：住宅建筑设计

客户：私人

时间： 2008年

未实现原因：土地性质Project Name: NANXIANG Waterside Residential

Project Type: residential

Client: private owner

Project Year: 2008

Cause for incompletion: property of land

►为更多的居住者创造具有时代精神的生活方式

Creation of life style in line with the spirit of our time for more occupants



这是一个位于上海西边南翔的住宅项目，我们受开发商直接委托来做建筑设计。基地呈狭长带状南面沿河，北面与工业区相连。我们将基地评价为三个等级：“好”的沿河的部分、“差”的靠工业区的部分和中等的位于两者之间的部分。This residential project is located in the ancient town of Nanxiang, west of Shanghai. The site is a long strip of land facing a river to its south and adjacent to an industrial park to its north. After being commissioned with the project by the developer, we divided the site into three parts: the superior riverfront part, the inferior part near the park, and the in-between one.




为最大化的利用景观和朝向，所有交通包括所有停车位和一条双车道都位于北面与工业区相连的“差”的地方；公共步道则沿河布置，起始于入口广场，以末端活动场地结尾。All the transport facilities, including the parking spots and a two-lane road, are placed in the inferior part; the pedestrian path is situated along the river, with one end at the square nearby the entrance to the complex and the other end inside the public space. 




南翔水岸住宅-城市研究

NANXIANG Waterside Residential-Urban study住宅为高层与低层结合来满足容积率要求。部分建筑物根据朝向稍微转动位置。一个特殊的停车解决方案使在绿色中居住成为可能，所有建筑物都被绿色植被环绕，交通和噪音都消失在大楼后面。我们想让这里的居住强烈反映出有时代精神的生活方式，开放透明的空间，有充足的阳光和空气；不像很多市区的住宅楼一样黑暗拥挤毫无特色。

The mix of low-rise and high-rise buildings is meant to be up to the plot ratio standard. Tweaks are made to location of some of the buildings in accordance with where they face. A tailor-made parking solution makes it possible to live in a green environment, with all structures surrounded by greenery and traffic noise diminished. The buildings are designed to mirror a life style in line with the spirit of our time – open, translucent space, sufficient sunlight and fresh air, unlike those dark, crowded and lackluster dwellings in downtown areas. 




南翔水岸住宅-立面

NANXIANG Waterside Residential-Elevation为了达到这个目标我们在户型设计上加入了很多大的内阳台，用来分割私密和公共空间，同时是室内空间的延伸。在好的天气里可以打开移门，所有房间贯穿成为一体，居住者就会感受到在上海从未有过的最大深度。功能上我们把卧室，起居室等布置在东南面来享受视野和阳光；所有服务功能例如中式厨房，客人卫生间，阿姨房和楼梯间都布置在西北部。

For this end, plenty of huge indoor balconies are added to act as divides between private and open space, as well as extension of the interior space. The sliding doors can be opened up in good weather to connect all the rooms, making the whole space spacious to the maximum, unlike in Shanghai. In terms of program, bedrooms, living rooms and alike are placed in the southeast to enjoy sunlight and views while Chinese kitchens, guest bathrooms, baby-sitter rooms and stairwells are situated in the northwest.



►没有什么后悔的，下次有这种类型的项目还是会选择

There is nothing regrettable; we may still undertake the same type of projects in the future. 



住宅设计一直是我们的passion所在。没有给其他人设计家更令人心动的事了。但在中国的住宅设计市场完全是不同的规则。真正的建筑师在这个“游戏”当中根本连上台的机会都没有。我们在这个项目上是跟开发商绑在一起去竞争地块和相关的优惠政策。当我们得知这块地的属性是工业用地的时候，其实已经料到了最终的命运了，但我们还是做这个项目，只要有希望提供一种新的生活方式，我们愿意尝试。

We have always been passionate about residential projects. There is nothing more exciting than designing residences for other individuals. However, there are completely different rules in the domestic residential market where real architects have no chance of showing up on the “stage” at all. In this project, we worked with the developer in bidding for the plot and scrambling for privileges. The moment we heard the plot was for industrial use, we kind of got a picture of the project’s destiny. Yet we still chose to push forward the project because we are always ready to experiment with a different kind of life style as long as there is hope.





每一个没有完成的项目都是像掉一颗牙吞进肚里的感觉，毕竟是自己的心血。其实对于设计师而言，设计费只是对劳动的补偿，实际上设计不是买卖行为，设计师本身是一个生产者，是从自己头脑中产生的东西，一旦夭折都很难过的。在实际的职业过程中，接连的这种“流产”是也会对设计者以及团队的热情产生很大的影响。如果不是对这个职业极度深沉的热爱，遇到接连的挫折是很难坚持下来的。

Every unbuilt project is extremely frustrating but we have to keep it to ourselves. For us professionals, payments we receive are mere reward for our efforts. Design is not a simple act of buying and selling; the state of schemes being unrealized tends to upset professionals because these designs are creations of their own. The continuous failures alike might dent the passion of both the professional and the team as a whole. Without deep passion for the profession, it would be quite hard to hang on. 

印西訶设计首席执行官&创始合伙人张西与YoungBird创始人&CEO葉春曦探讨“Might Have Been”项目ZhangXi, CEO & Founding Partner of EXH Shanghai, EXH AG Zurich discussing the "Might Have Been" program with Isa Ye, founder & CEO of YoungBird.

►灵感可以训练，跟幽默感一样，是一种反应能力

Inspiration is trainable; it is the capacity to respond to a certain situation, just like humor

在我们的工作方法里面，不是靠灵感的，一个项目里面有众多的灵感来源，但都是在过程中，一点点编织成最后的结果。我们的设计基本上都是依靠严密的分析，包括朝向、日照、风向、功能、交通，造价等所有要素的分析，结果会慢慢的导出来。

The way we work doesn’t rely on inspiration. There are so many sources of inspiration in a project, which are intertwined to produce the result we desire. Our schemes are largely based on rigorous analysis of sunlight, program, transportation, costs, where the residences face, where the wind lies and so forth, which tends to lead to the final scheme. 

已完成代表作品：瑞士驻北京大使馆签证处

Signature work: Visa section of Swiss embassy灵感应该是个动词，它是一种思维方式。设计一个茶壶可以有一个灵感，但是建筑设计简直是一个地球上的一个小手术，不可能是一个灵感而盖之。但灵感是一种思维方式，即在既定条件下的应对，建筑师对条件分析、消化和应对能力决定了水平高低及项目品质。平常的积累就像练功一样，上场之前并不知道会用哪种招式，而是在拿到项目，对客观条件和对手的分析之后，制定一个总体的应对策略，加以根据既定条件而做出的反应发挥。Inspiration is a verb, a way of thinking. A tea pot could be based on one single source of inspiration. In contrast, designing a structure resembles a small “surgery” to the earth and requires more inspiration, which is actually a response to specific circumstances. The architect’s capacity to analyze, understand and respond to the situation defines the level of his know-how and the quality of a project. All the things we do are just like practicing kung fu; we won’t know which moves we will be using until we step onto the stage. We won’t draw up an overall strategy until the deal is struck and analysis is made of the objective conditions and our rivals.  


已完成代表作品：上海罗氏制药总部办公楼

Signature work: Shanghai Roche Expansion我们做很多药企类的项目，就觉得很受启发，医药类的工作一半叫Diagnose诊断，另一半才叫pharmaceutical医药。“诊断”是一个很好的词，建筑师最重要的是要诊断项目的情况，才能对症下药，但在我们的实践中，诊断经常是被忽略的。所以我们经常就有“牛头不对马嘴”的建筑会在城市中出现，就是因为“诊断”工作没有做好。我们的工作不只是Research，而是提取有效信息，获得conclusion。Many of our projects commissioned by pharmaceutical companies are quite inspirational. The profession of pharmacy means “diagnosis” and “pharmaceutical”. “Diagnosis” is a wonderful verb. It is vital for architects to diagnose projects in an all-round way to prescribe medicines. However, the act of diagnosis is often times neglected in our practice of architecture, leading to so many bizarre buildings springing up in cities we live. What we do is more about extracting useful information and drawing a conclusion than the simple act of research.




已完成代表作品：上海玛祖铭立家具旗舰店

Signature work: Matsu Furniture Flagship Store

►建筑师是一个很高尚的职业，但也不要把自己看得太重

Despite being an architect is a noble cause, architects have to remain humble.

作为建筑师，更应该考虑建筑对城市的贡献，即使经济的推动是没法避免的，但是可以主动的选择“做”或者“不做”。有些项目就算再多的钱，我也可以选择不做。如果做之前都没有满足自己心里的标准，那也没有做下去的必要。有的时候，建筑师把自己看得太重要了，只有当你了解所有的学科以后，才能更好地主导建筑设计。Architects should think about how to make more contribution to the city through the act of design. Although they cannot avoid the interference of capital in a project, they could choose to do it or not. I could refuse to undertake some of the projects with huge budgets. There is no sense in starting a project if we cannot live up to our own standards. Architects sometimes overvalue themselves. Only when they come to grasp all the disciplines could they better control a project. 



在中国的经济快速发展的今天，大部分人似乎对房地产行业都已经麻痹了，变成一种投资交易行为，很少人有心理上的波动。如果建筑师做的每一个设计，让使用者看到的时候心里有一点点感动，我觉得这是我们要达到的目标和追求。一个建筑“站在”城市里面，比方说之前设计的玛祖铭立旗舰店，如果过了很多年，哪怕有人经过时看到它时，视觉停留，我觉得这就够了。Against the backdrop of rapid economic growth in China, most of people have grown indifferent about the real estate market. Purchase of a house has become an act of investment or trading and rarely brought feelings. It is our hope to make every design strike a chord with the occupants. I find it satisfying to see some pedestrians take a brief look at a structure - like the Matsu Flagship Store we designed - years after completion.



►如果你真心热爱某个行业，成才只是早晚问题

Those who are really passionate about a profession will achieve success sooner or later

项目的命运是很多劫的，建筑师在过程中起到的作用是非常有限的，但是如何选择业主、判断事情成败的几率，在发展过程中怎样促成它实现，“Might Have Been”在这些方面很好的填补了教育的空白，是一个很好的命题。

There are so many things in a project that are beyond our control. Architects play an extremely small role. But in terms of selection of clients, judgment of the odds for a project’s realization, and the efforts needed to complete the project, this “Might Have Been” program has offered guidance on all this that is missing from architectural education.


已完成代表作品：南京丰盛办公室

Signature work: Nanjing Fullshare CEO Office我觉得在中国甚至世界范围内，大部分学生都是被教授怎样成功，却没有教失败会是怎样。如果是真心热爱建筑行业的设计师早晚都会成才。在地球上挖开地基，建设实现一个以你思想为主的，集结众多人的精力（包括开发商、设计团队、建筑工人等），心血和智慧，促成一个影响其他人的新的工作生活环境。这不是一个很棒的事业么。From my perspective, most of the students in the nation are told how to be successful, rather than what failure feels like; that’s the case in the rest of the world. Those who are really passionate about a profession will achieve success sooner or later. I find it amazing to dig a foundation on this earth and create a new living and working environment that could influence others, based on much deliberation of your own, and time, energy and wisdom those involved (the developer, design team, builders, etc.) have devoted.



已完成代表作品：上海罗氏餐厅

Signature work: Roche Canteen此文所有内容均由YoungBirds编辑部原创，

图片素材来自印西訶设计。

YoungBirds Editorial Department holds the copyright to the above content except for the images courtesy of EXH.

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