有准备的环境 A prepared environment

“孩子出生后并不是进入了自然环境中，而是进入了成人生活的文明环境中。这是一个陌生的环境，是成人为了生活便利并...



“孩子出生后并不是进入了自然环境中，而是进入了成人生活的文明环境中。这是一个陌生的环境，是成人为了生活便利并容易适应而改造自然环境所构成的。但是对于从一种生存方式过渡到另一种生存方式的新生儿来说，他／她将难以调适这一切……”

"Children are not born into the natural environment, but into a civilized environment, where adults live in. This is a strange environment, which adults reconstruct  the natural environment to make it easy to adapt and the life more convenient. However for the newborns those need to transform their survival mode to another way it will be quite difficult for them to adapt to it…… "

以儿童的幼儿期所需要为基准和以教育为考量所设计的教育环境，才能帮助儿童克服从身体成长到心理成长过程中的困难，这样的环境才能被称之为促进儿童发展需要和帮助儿童学习独立的“有准备的环境”。

Only the educational environment, that was based on the children’s requirement in the childhood and really was designed for education can help children overcome the difficulties in the process of the physical and psychological growth. Only this kind of environment can be called a prepared environment which aims to promote children's development needs and to help children achieve independence.

很多参观过蒙特梭利教室的父母都感叹教室中孩子们有序的活动和积极主动的工作状态以及每个忙碌着的孩子脸上自信的表情，当然，也有因为教室中孩子的自律而心生疑虑的：这样的孩子是如何培养的? 是否教室中有严格的纪律?

Many parents those have already visited the Montessori classroom are surprised by children’s orderly activities, active working status and the confident expression on children’s face in the Montessori environment. Of course, some will be curious about children’s discipline: How are these children educated? Are there any strict rules in the environment?



以下将简单阐述蒙特梭利教室中的教育环境如何帮助孩子自主学习的两项特点。

Here we will briefly discuss two characteristics about how the Montessori classroom helps children learn independence.

1、自由的选择

在蒙特梭利教室中，已根据儿童的需要准备了帮助其动作成熟、生活能力养成、感觉敏锐、数理逻辑思维练习以及语言文化的吸收学习等多方面发展的工作教具，这些教具以精美、完整和开放的形式展现在孩子的活动空间里，让孩子在不同阶段的学习中由他／她们自由地选择使用相应范围的教具。

1. Free choice 
According to the needs of children, a lot of materials are prepared for children in  the Montessori environment to help them develop movement, life skills, sense of  refinement, mathematical logic thinking, language and culture as well as other aspects. These materials are showed in children’s activity space in beautiful, complete and open form, to let children in different stages choose appropriate materials freely.

2、反复的操作

有时孩子想要反复操作同一工作的倾向非常强烈，这种强烈的愿望使孩子沉浸在工作中。反复操作让孩子感受到力量和独立并感到满足，实际上，如果孩子能重复一种工作，是因为孩子已经能够相当程度地把自己的注意力控制到一点上，这种状态称为注意力集中，这种集中的注意力在重复中使孩子的内心获得一种力量。我们把这种力量解释为控制的力量，孩子既能控制自己的行为，又能控制自身之外的物质世界。正是基于“重复练习”的起点，儿童慢慢形成了自制和自觉的能力，为进入第二个阶段打下了基础，即自由地选择自我训练的生活方式。

2. Repeated operation
Sometimes children tend to repeat the same work and this strong desire makes children immersed in their work. Repeated operation let children feel the power and independence and feel satisfied. In fact, if children can repeat a work, it means children are able to put their attention on this point, and this state is called concentration. This focused attention makes children achieve one inner power, which is called the power of control, because children can not only control their behavior, but also the material world outside of themselves. Thanks to the repeated exercise, children have slowly formed ability of self-control and self-consciousness, namely choose the lifestyle of self-training freely, which is also the foundation of the second phase.

自由的选择工作、反复操作再到挑战新的工作，在蒙特梭利教室中工作的儿童在这样的过程中，不止一次，而且成为一个周期，并且反复循环，最终帮助孩子朝着完美、独立的方向发展。

From the freely choice of work, to repeated operation, then to the challenging of  new works, this process happens for children in the Montessori classroom more than once, it will become a cycle and repeated again and again to help children development in the direction of perfection and independence.

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