【中英文对照03】抑制、症状与焦虑（第三章）-弗洛伊德INHIBITIONS, SYMPTOMS AND ANXIETY

本篇《抑制、症状与焦虑》（INHIBITIONS,SYMPTOMSANDANXIETY）中英文对照由清清风整理汇集；英文引自英标电子版P.4294及稍后页码，中文引自车文博主编12卷本第9卷...

（本篇中英文对照由清清风整理汇集；英文引自英标电子版P. 4294及稍后页码，中文引自车文博主编12卷本第9卷）To return to the problem of the ego. The apparent contradiction is due to our havingtaken abstractions too rigidly and attended exclusively now to the one side andnow to the other of what is in fact a complicated state of affairs. We werejustified, I think, in dividing the ego from the id, for there are certainconsiderations which necessitate that step. On the other hand the ego is identical with the id, and is merely aspecially differentiated part of it. If we think of this part by itselfin contradistinction to the whole, or if a real split has occurred between thetwo, the weakness of the ego becomes apparent. But if the ego remains bound upwith the id and indistinguishable from it, then it displays its strength. Thesame is true of the relation between the ego and the super-ego. In manysituations the two are merged; and as a rule we can only distinguish one fromthe other when there is a tension or conflict between them. In repression thedecisive fact is that the ego is an organization and the id is not. The ego is,indeed, the organized portion of the id. We should be quite wrong if wepictured the ego and the id as two opposing camps and if we supposed that, whenthe ego tries to suppress a part of the id by means of repression, theremainder of the id comes to the rescue of the endangered part and measures itsstrength with the ego. This may often be what happens, but it is certainly notthe initial situation in repression. As a rule the instinctual impulse which isto be repressed remains isolated. Although the act of repression demonstratesthe strength of the ego, in one particular it reveals the ego’s powerlessnessand how impervious to influence are the separate instinctual impulses of theid. For the mental process which has been turned into a symptom owing torepression now maintains its existence outside the organization of the ego andindependently of it. Indeed, it is not that process alone but all itsderivatives which enjoy, as it were, this same privilege ofextra-territoriality; and whenever they come into associative contact with apart of the ego-organization, it is not at all certain that they will not drawthat part over to themselves and thus enlarge themselves at the expense of theego. An analogy with which we have long been familiar compared a symptom to a foreignbody which was keeping up a constant succession of stimuli and reactions in thetissue in which it was embedded. It does sometimes happen that the defensivestruggle against an unwelcome instinctual impulse is brought to an end with theformation of a symptom. As far as can be seen, this is most often possible inhysterical conversion. But usually the outcome is different. The initial act ofrepression is followed by a tedious or interminable sequel in which thestruggle against the instinctual impulse is prolonged into a struggle againstthe symptom.让我们再回到自我问题上来。这种明显的矛盾状态归咎于我们做了过分严格的抽象，归因于我们对于事实上非常复杂的事态，时而把注意力转向这边，时而把注意力转向那边。我认为，我们把自我同本我区别开来是合理的，因为对于采取这种步骤的必要性我们有一些考虑。另一方面，自我和本我是同一的，而且自我只不过是本我中特别分离出来的一部分。如果我们认为这一部分本身和整体截然不同，或者在两者之间出现了真正的分裂，那么，自我的弱点就变得清楚了。但是，如果自我保持着与本我的联系，且不能与之分离，那么，它就会表现出它的力量。自我和超我之间的关系也同样如此。在许多情况下两者是结合的；当它们之间出现紧张或冲突时，一般说来我们能够把它们区别开来。在压抑中带有决定性的事实是，自我是一个组织机构而本我则不是。确实，自我是本我组织上的一部分。如果我们把本我和自我描述为两个对立的阵营，并假设，当自我试图借压抑来压制本我的一部分时，那么，本我的其余部分就会来援救处于危险中的部分，并且同自我较量，那我们就大错而特错了。这可能就是常常发生的情况，但肯定不是压抑中所发生的最初情境。一般说来，受到压抑的本能冲动是孤立的。虽然压抑的行动表现了自我的力量，尤其是它揭示了自我的无力、本我的各种不同的本能冲动怎样不受影响，但对于由于压抑作用而转变成为症状的心理过程来说，现在却保留在自我的组织之外，并且独立于它。我们确实可以说，不是这个过程本身，而是它的所有派生物都享有这种治外法权般的同样的优惠；每当它们与自我组织的一部分建立起联想性的联系时，根本无法确定，它们将不会把那一部分拉到它们跟前，并且以牺牲自我来扩展它们自己。我们早就熟悉的一种类比是把症状比作一种异物，它持续不断地在它所置身的组织中发出刺激和反应。有时候则发生这种情况，针对某种不受欢迎的本能冲动而进行的防御斗争，会随着症状的形成而结束。就我们所见，这种情况在癔症转化中最为常见。但通常，后果是不同的。最初的压抑行动之后紧跟着便是一连串令人厌烦的、没完没了的事，针对本能冲动的斗争延续为针对症状的斗争。

In this secondary defensive struggle theego presents two faces with contradictory expressions. The one line ofbehaviour it adopts springs from the fact that its very nature obliges it tomake what must be regarded as an attempt at restoration or reconciliation. Theego is an organization. It is based on the maintenance of free intercourse andof the possibility of reciprocal influence between all its parts. Itsdesexualized energy still shows traces of its origin in its impulsion to bindtogether and unify, and this necessity to synthesize grows stronger inproportion as the strength of the ego increases. It is therefore only naturalthat the ego should try to prevent symptoms from remaining isolated and alien byusing every possible method to bind them to itself in one way or another, andto incorporate them into its organization by means of those bonds. As we know,a tendency of this kind is already operative in the very act of forming asymptom. A classical instance of this are those hysterical symptoms which havebeen shown to be a compromise between the need for satisfaction and the needfor punishment. Such symptoms participate in the ego from the very beginning,since they fulfil a requirement of the super-ego, while on the other hand theyrepresent positions occupied by the repressed and points at which an irruptionhas been made by it into the ego-organization. They are a kind offrontier-station with a mixed garrison. (Whether allprimary hysterical symptoms are constructed on these lines would be worthenquiring into very carefully.) The ego now proceeds to behave as thoughit recognized that the symptom had come to stay and that the only thing to dowas to accept the situation in good part and draw as much advantage from it aspossible. It makes an adaptation to the symptom - to this piece of the internalworld which is alien to it - just as it normally does to the real externalworld. It can always find plenty of opportunities for doing so. The presence ofa symptom may entail a certain impairment of capacity, and this can beexploited to appease some demand on the part of the super-ego or to refuse someclaim from the external world. In this way the symptom gradually comes to bethe representative of important interests; it is found to be useful in assertingthe position of the self and becomes more and more closely merged with the egoand more and more indispensable to it. It is only very rarely that the physicalprocess of ‘healing’ round a foreign bodyfollows such a course as this. There is a danger, too, of exaggerating theimportance of a secondary adaptation of this kind to a symptom, and of sayingthat the ego has created the symptom merely in order to enjoy its advantages.It would be equally true to say that a man who had lost his leg in the war hadgot it shot away so that he might thenceforward live on his pension withouthaving to do any more work.

在这场次要的防御斗争中，自我以矛盾的表达方式表现出两面性。它所采纳的一条行为路线起源于这一事实，其本性强迫它确定必须把什么视为企图恢复或企图调解。自我是一种组织。它建立的基础是保持自由交往，使所有成分之间有可能进行相互影响。使其失去性能力的能量仍然表现出它起源于冲动的痕迹，这种冲动要求结合在一起并成为一个统一体。随着自我力量的增长，这种结合的要求在比例上变得愈益强烈。因此，自我通过使用各种可能的方法以某种方式把它们结合到自己身上，并且借助于这些结合把它们合并到其组织之中，竭力防止症状分离出来成为不相容的东西。我们知道，这种倾向在形成某种症状的活动中已经起作用了。这方面的一个经典的实例是那些癔症症状，它们已经表现为在满足的需要和惩罚的需要之问达成的一种妥协。这种症状从一开始便参与到自我中，因为它们满足的是超我的需要；另一方面，它们又代表着被压抑的东西所占据的地位和由此而引起的侵入到自我组织中去的观点。它们是一种有混合驻军的边防站（无论这些最初的癔症症状在这些方面是否是建设性的，都值得我们非常仔细地加以考察）。现在自我的行为表现说明，它仿佛认识到症状已经存在了，要做的唯一事情就是尽力地接受这种情境，并尽可能地从中得到好处。它对症状进行适应——对与它不相容的内部世界的这个方面进行适应——就像它在正常情况下对真实的外部世界所做的那样，它总可以发现许多这样做的机会。症状的存在可以对能量造成一定程度的损害，而且可利用症状来满足超我的某种要求，或者拒绝外部世界提出的某种要求。症状逐渐以这种方式成为一些重要利益的代表；我们发现，提出自身（self）这个概念是很有用的，它越来越密切地同自我相结合，越来越成为自我必不可少的东西。围绕着一个异物进行“治愈”的身体过程，所遵循的竟是这样一种过程，这种情况是非常罕见的。夸大对症状进行这种次要适应的重要性，以及认为自我只是为了获得好处才创造了症状，其结果都是很危险的。这样做，无异于是在说，一个在战争中腿受伤的人索性把腿弄掉，这样他就可以靠抚恤金生活，而不必做任何更多的工作。

In obsessionalneurosis and paranoia the forms which thesymptoms assume become very valuable to the ego because they obtain for it, notcertain advantages, but a narcissistic satisfaction which it would otherwise bewithout. The systems which the obsessional neurotic constructs flatter his self-loveby making him feel that he is better than other people because he is speciallycleanly or specially conscientious. The delusional constructions of theparanoic offer to his acute perceptive and imaginative powers a field ofactivity which he could not easily find elsewhere.

在强迫性神经症和妄想狂中，症状所依托的形式变得对自我非常有价值。因为症状为此而获得的将不是某些好处，而是一种自恋的满足，否则连这种满足也得不到。通过使他感到他比其他人好，因为他特别爱清洁或者特别认真，强迫性神经症患者所建构的体系便以此来奉承他的自身之爱。妄想狂患者的妄想建构给其敏锐的知觉力量和想象力量提供了一个他不可能轻易地在其他地方找到的领域。

All of this results in what is familiar tous as the ‘(secondary) gain from illness’ whichfollows a neurosis. This gain comes to the assistance of the ego in itsendeavour to incorporate the symptom and increases the symptom’s fixation. Whenthe analyst tries subsequently to help the ego in its struggle against thesymptom, he finds that these conciliatory bonds between ego and symptom operateon the side of the resistances and that they are not easy to loosen.

所有这一切便导致了我们所熟悉的患了一次神经症之后的“（继发性）疾病获益”（［secondary］ gain from illness）。这种收获可以帮助自我尽力把症状结合进来，并增加症状的稳固性。当分析者以后试图帮助自我同症状做斗争时，他会发现自我与症状之间这些调解性的结果是在抵抗方面发挥作用的，而且它们的结合是不容易松动的。

The two lines of behaviour which the egoadopts towards the symptom are in fact directly opposed to each other. For theother line is less friendly in character, since it continues in the directionof repression. Nevertheless the ego, it appears, cannot be accused ofinconsistency. Being of a peaceable disposition it would like to incorporatethe symptom and make it part of itself. It is from the symptom itself that thetrouble comes. For the symptom, being the true substitute for and derivative ofthe repressed impulse, carries on the role of the latter; it continually renewsits demands for satisfaction and thus obliges the ego in its turn to give thesignal of unpleasure and put itself in a posture of defence.

自我针对症状所采纳的这两条行为路线实际上是直接对立的。另一条路线在性质上是不太友好的，因为它继续进行压抑。但是，看起来我们不能谴责自我是不一致的。作为一种和平的倾向，它愿意把症状结合起来，使症状成为它自己的一部分。麻烦就来自症状本身。因为症状作为被压抑冲动的真正替代物和派生物，承担着被压抑冲动的角色；它持续不断地更新它想要获得的满足，因而又反过来强迫自我发出不愉快的信号，并使自己处于防御姿态。

The secondary defensive struggle againstthe symptom takes many shapes. It is fought out on different fields and makesuse of a variety of methods. We shall not be able to say much about it until wehave made an enquiry into the various different instances of symptom-formation.In doing this we shall have an opportunity of going into the problem of anxiety- a problem which has long been looming in the background. The wisest plan willbe to start from the symptoms produced by the hysterical neurosis; for we arenot as yet in a position to consider the conditions in which the symptoms of obsessional neurosis, paranoiaand other neuroses are formed.

针对症状进行的次要防御斗争所采取的形式是多样的。它在不同的领域进行斗争，并且利用各种各样的方法。我们不可能对此说得太多，除非我们探讨了症状形成的各种不同的例子。而当这样做时，我们将有机会探讨焦虑的问题——这是一个早就在背景中隐隐约约地出现过的问题。最明智的计划是从癔症性神经症所引起的症状开始。因为我们还没开始考虑这些情况，强迫性神经症、妄想狂和其他神经症的症状就是在这些情况下形成的。

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